ABSTRACT
Living with internationalization, it becomes increasingly important to develop the ability of acquiring knowledge from and publishing professional articles international medical journals.However, current English teaching in colleges is predominantly by cramming method and without clear aims.As a result, students make little learning progress.Production-oriented Approach, proposed by Professor Qiufang Wen, is an important theory to reform the modern English Teaching.Based on this theory, we designed and performed the course of Medical English Writing and Literature Reading for graduate students.For the aim of literature writing, we matched the teaching content with the pertinent language ability to achieve the goal.The process of teaching was initiated with output, followed by input, then tested by another output.As a result, students′ writing was improved effectively in correctness and in awareness of the rules.In addition, their ability to comprehend difficult and long sentences was also found to be improved.We believe Production-oriented Approach conforms to the requirements of English Teaching in college and can contribute to the teaching goal.
ABSTRACT
Objective] To study hepatitis B virus ( HBV) mother-to-child transmission and the impact factors, providing the basis for preventive strategies. [ Methods ] A total of 154 hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ) -positive pregnant women and 297 HBsAg -negative pregnant women from Baoshan District Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Shanghai were enrolled and received an epidemiological survey regarding mother-to-child transmission.Mothers'peripheral blood and newborns'cord blood were collected to be tested for HBV serological markers and HBV DNA load.HBsAg positivity and HBV DNA≥103 copies/mL in cord blood of newborns born of HBsAg-positive mothers was defined as trans-placental HBV transmission. [ Results] The trans-placental transmission rate was found to be 8.4%for HBsAg-positive mothers.Trans-placental transmission rate was significantly higher among both HBsAg and HBeAg -positive women compared to those only with HBsAg -positiveness ( 20.0% vs. 3.7%, relative risk was 5.41, P <0.05), and increased with HBV DNA load in mothers'peripheral blood. [ Conclusion] HBeAg can directly transmit through the placenta, while HBsAg is“filtered” to a certain degree.HBeAg positiveness and high HBV DNA load of the mother are risk factors in trans-placental transmission, and possibly lead to the failure of newborn immunoprophylaxis.
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Objective ] To analyze the incidence and mortality of liver cancer and survival situation among permanent residents in Yangpu District of Shanghai from January 2002 to December 2012, and compare these data with the statistics obtained from Qidong City of Jiangsu Province. [ Methods] The data on liver cancer among permanent residents in Yangpu District were collected from the database of cancer registration and management system in Shanghai.The temporal trend in the incidence and mortality of liver cancer was assessed and compared with the related statistical data from Qidong City of Jiangsu Province.Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test was performed for survival analysis. [ Results] A total of 3 389 cases of liver cancer were diagnosed from January 2002 to December 2012 . The standardized incidence rate was 15.70/105 in males, significantly higher than 5.45/105 in females ( P<0.05) .A total of 3 026 cases died of liver cancer during this period.The standardized mortality rate was 13.38/105 in males and 4.66/105 in females ( P<0.05).The median survival time was 0.41 years in total, 1.40 years in those who received surgery, significantly higher than 0.35 years in those without surgery ( P <0.05 ) .The ratios between Yangpu District and Qidong City were around 1 ∶3 in both incidence and mortality rates, and about 2 ∶1 in survival rate. [ Conclusion] The mortality of liver cancer close to its incidence among permanent residents in Yangpu District of Shanghai during 2002-2012. Both the incidence and mortality of liver cancer were significantly higher in males than in females.Surgical resection significantly prolongs overall survival time and improves prognosis.Early diagnosis and prompt surgical resection can improve the overall survival rate of liver cancer patients.HBV infection may be the major risk factor of liver cancer in Yangpu District, while liver cancer in Qidong City is likely to be caused by the interaction among many factors including HBV infection, exposure to aflatoxin, genetic factors, drinking water pollution, and lack of microelement.
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Objective] To investigate the relationship between hepatitis B virus( HBV) genotype and their mutations on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) . [ Methods ] A cohort study on patients with chronic HBV infection was followed up.HBV genotypes were identified by nested multiplex PCR and multiplex PCR.And HBV mutations in the basic core promoter region were sequencing by PCR amplification. [ Results] The patients infected with genotype B were followed up for an average of 8.52 years (IQR:6.67-10.75), of whom the incidence of HCC was 6.55/1 000 person-years.After follow up with an average of 8.87 years (IQR:6.85-11.33), the incidence of HCC was 11.63/1 000 person-years for the patients infected with genotype C, which were significantly higher than those infected with genotype B (P=0.006).In genotype B HBV infected patients, age (≥60 years), cirrhosis can in-crease the risk of HCC, and in genotype C patients, male, age (≥40 years), cirrhosis, C1653T, T1753V, A1762T/G1764A mutation as well.Interferon therapy can reduce the risk of HCC.In genotype C group, interferon treatment reduced HCC risk in patients carrying A1762T/G1764A mutation (HR=0.21, P=0.008) and in those without T1753V ( HR=0.08, P=0.012) and C1653T mutation ( HR=0.17, P=0.013). [Conclusion] HBV genotypes and mutation are closely associated with HCC.Patients infected with genotype C, carrying 1762T/G1764A mutation should be given priority of receiving antiviral treatments in order to prevent HCC;those carrying C1653T or T1753V mutation should be monitored closely to detect early HCC and receive timely surgical resection.
ABSTRACT
Objective] To explore disaster response capability and the vulnerability as well as the current level and training needs of disaster medicine knowledge in urban populations . [ Methods] Five communities in Yangpu District of Shanghai were randomly enrolled in this study .The study populations were then stratified by age groups .A total of 1700 residents were recruited , 1643 of which completed a structured questionnaire designed by the investigators . [ Results] Eight-nine percent of the residents be-lieved the importance of understanding disaster medicine -related knowledge .The correct answer rates of “pro-tective measures of nuclear leakage issues” and “self-rescue measures in a high building fire” reached over 80%;however , the overall correct answer rate of “cardiorespiratory resuscitation operation” was less than 40%.The main channels of community residents accessing disaster medicine knowledge were mainly news -papers, magazines, and internet (52.1%);whereas only 5.3%of them obtained the knowledge from school education .Community residents most liked to obtain “first aid skills”and“basic theory of disaster medicine”through formal lectures (72.4%). [Conclusion] School education lacks disaster-related knowledge , pos-sibly resulting in the fact that community residents have a limited ability to save both oneself and others in disaster .There are significant differences between residents with different education levels .Community resi-dents have limited knowledge of disaster occurrence and development , and lack capabilities of self-rescue and mutual aid .Colleges should increase the contents of disaster medicine education in their curriculum .Disaster education should be enforced in school education .Continued education and simulation of disaster-related knowledge should be regularly offered to community residents to greatly reduce their vulnerability to disasters .
ABSTRACT
The development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a process that accumulates the driver somatic mutations elicited by chronic inflammation. Epigenetic modifications and genetic mutations play key roles in the whole evolutionary process of chronic inflammation-induced CRC. Adenoma gradually progresses into adenocarcinoma via accumulating genetic mutations stimulated by cancer promoting stimulations. The next generation sequencing technology provides an effective way to identify the “driver” mutations and fusion genes in the carcinogenesis, providing molecular evidences for cancer evolution. The most significant genetic changes during malignant transformation from adenoma to adenocarcinoma are the significant increases in microsatellite instability and chromosome instability. The main purpose of investigating the evolutionary process of CRC, especially somatic mutations, is to identify the related signaling pathways, which are the key steps to explore early effective intervention strategies and targeted therapies for CRC.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recombinant human granulocyte stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on blood coagulation of beagles irradiated by 2.3 Gy neutron so as to provide new therapy for blood coagulation disorder after neutron irradiation. 10 beagles were exposed to 2.3 Gy neutron, and then randomly assigned into supportive care group and rhG-CSF-treated group. The rhG-CSF-treated cohorts were injected subcutaneously with rhG-CSF (10 µg/kg·d) beginning at the day of exposure for 21 consecutive days. Peripheral blood platelet counts were examined once every two days. In vitro platelet aggregation test, thromboelastography and blood clotting tetrachoric tests were also performed. The results indicated that the blood clotting system of irradiated dogs was in hypercoagulable state in the early days after 2.3 Gy neutron irradiation, and became hypocoagulable at crisis later and were mainly on intrinsic coagulation pathway. Blood fibrinogen increased markedly during the course of disease, while platelet counts and aggregation function were decreased remarkably. rhG-CSF administered daily could correct hypercoagulable state induced by 2.3 Gy neutron irradiation at the early time post exposure, shortened the thromboplastin generation time and clotting formation, down-regulated the abnormal high fibrinogen in blood, and improved platelet aggregation function. It is concluded that rhG-CSF can improve coagulation disorders of irradiated dogs.