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Objective To analyze the mechanism of the influencing factors of myopia for junior high school students in China. Methods Based on the follow-up to 7 119 students in the 3 waves of questionnaire survey of the Chinese Education Panel Survey in junior high school stage, and the variables on students’ myopia status, myopia influencing factors, and two kinds of risk behaviors of myopia including near visual activities and outdoor activities, the mediation effects of the myopia risk behaviors were tested by Logistic regression model. Results The myopia prevalence of 9th graders before junior high school graduation was 66.36%. Time on writing homework significantly increased the risk of myopia，the odds ratio (OR) was 1.17，the 95% confidence interval (CI) was 1.13-1.21, and the time on outdoor sports significantly decreased the risk of myopia (OR=0.80，95% CI:0.75-0.86). Before and after including the risk behaviors into the model, the myopia risk OR(95% CI) of female centralized from 1.84(1.66-2.04) to 1.69(1.51-1.88), the myopia risk OR(95% CI) of urban students’centralized from 1.19(1.03-1.37) to 1.16(1.00-1.34), the myopia risk OR(95% CI) of only children’centralized from 1.20(1.06-1.36) to 1.18(1.04-1.33). With reference to not myopic for both parents, the myopia risk OR(95% CI) of students having one myopic parent centralized from 2.47(2.12-2.88) to 2.44(2.09-2.85), the myopia risk OR(95% CI) of students having parent without myopic centralized from 4.25(3.09-5.86) to 4.13(3.00-5.69). Conclusions Gender, urban and rural, only child, and myopic parents are influencing factors of myopia. These factors have effects on myopia via two kinds of risk behaviors including outdoor activities and near visual activities.
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Objective To analyze the status, changing trends and determinants of mental health of migrant adolescents in junior high schools. Methods All of the data came from China Education Panel Survey (CEPS). CEPS baseline survey was conducted during the 2013-2014 school year by using a stratified multistage probability sampling design. 10 279 nationally representative adolescents from the seventh grade in junior high schools were enrolled in the base school year of data collection and 9 449 participants were followed up at the second wave of data collection during the 2014-2015 school year. Our analytic sample (n=1 645) included all the migrant adolescents who had valid data on mental health. Based on CEPS self-reported mental health scale, t-test method and multivariate linear regression model were used to examine the determinants of mental health of migrant adolescents by performing univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Results The baseline mental health score of migrant adolescents was (8.33±3.31), higher than that of non-migrant adolescents, and significantly increased to (8.60±3.79) in the follow-up school year. 43.3% of participants had negative mental status at higher frequency as time went on. Sex, cognitive skills, co-residence arrangements, numbers of siblings and school rankings were significant influencing factors for mental health score of migrant adolescents. Conclusions The mental health status of migrant adolescents are more vulnerable than that of non-migrant adolescents and continue deteriorating. Among migrant adolescents, female, those with weak cognitive skills, those who do not live with both parents, those who are not only children and those in schools ranking medium and above are more likely to have a poor mental health state.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese ninth grade students and to analyze the influential factors that contribute to this situation. Methods A total of 5 967 students were selected from the 2016 China Education Panel Survey. Chi-square test was used to examine the differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among different groups and Logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors affecting obesity in boys and girls. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 15.23%, 18.55% and 11.84% in total, male and female ninth grade students respectively. The multiple Logistic regression analysis indicated that the risk factors between boys and girls were significantly different. The main factors affecting boys obesity rate were one-child, boarding, both parents obesity, taking health education courses, having indoor stadium and screen time. Meanwhile, for girls the factors were boarding, both parents obesity and sports time. Conclusions Schools should arrange the schedule of boarding students and offer health education courses based on the characteristics of boys and girls. Meanwhile schools should unite parents to control adolescents’ screen time and nutrition balance, which is benefit for preventing adolescents overweight and obesity.
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Objective To analyze the relationship between prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and behavior habits such as smoking,alcohol intake,physical activity,sleeping hours.Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was conducted in 31 provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities in China according to the program of National Nutrition and Health Survey.Questionnaire survey,interview,physical examination,measurement of biochemical indices,and dietary investigation were done.In total,4937 men aged 18 to 45 years old were selected.Results The MS prevalence was 6.9%(329/4937).The rate of drinking was 49.4% and smoking rate was 54.4%.The percentage of sleeping was hours from 7 to 8 was 70.5%.The percentage of spending time on physical activity over 420 minutes/week was as high as 41.9%.Data from single logistic regression showed volume of smoking more than 600 packs and alcohol intake were associated with high risk of MS and no significantly associations were found between MS and the duration of physical activity and the sleeping time.Multivariate logistic regression showed that the risk of MS in smokers with the volume more than 600 packs age increased significantly as compared to nonsmokers with the odds ratio as 1.443 (95%CI:1.044-1.993 ) and 1.765 (95%CI:1.150-2.708) in smokers with volume from 600 to 899 packs age,and more than 900 packs age respectively.Compared to the nondrinkers,the odds ratios were 1.525 (95%CI:1.135-2.048),2.322(95%CI:1.671-3.255) and 2.033 (95%CI:1.478-2.796) in subjects volume of alcohol dranking as 1 to 2 times per week,3 to 4 times per week and more than 5 times per week respectively.Conclusion Tobacco and alcohol were associated with high risks of MS.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the relationship between low to moderate physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was conducted in 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in the interior of China according to the program of the National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002. Questionnaire survey, interview, physical examination, measurement of biochemical indices and dietary investigation were done. In total, the physical activity of 26 477 persons aged 18 or above were investigated. The duration of low to moderate physical activity was divided into five grades: 0-min/week, 90-min/week, 151-min/week, 301-min/week, over 420 min/week, and the MS prevalence were investigated respectively. The relationship between MS and age (including four age groups 18-, 35-, 45-, 60 or above) or the duration of physical time were investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MS prevalence among persons aged 18 or above was 9.4% (2490/26 477). And the prevalence was 10.3% (1191/11 516) in man and 8.7%(1299/14 961) in women, respectively (χ(2) = 21.035, P = 0.000). The MS prevalence was 2.1% (127/6070) in 18-years old group and 15.0% (1012/6734) in over 60 years old group. The MS prevalence increased with increasing age (χ(2) = 776.768, P = 0.000). 81.2% (21 499/26 477) of subjects engaged in low to moderate intensity physical activity. The percentage of spending time on physical activity over 420 min/week was dominant and as high as 43.7% (11 561/26 477). The MS prevalence was 13.8% (166/1203) for 0-min grade, 13.2% (64/485) for 90-min grade, 11.8% (153/1298) for 151-min grade, 10.1% (124/1225) for 301-min grade and 12.5% (512/4090) for over 420 min grade (χ(2) = 9.58, P = 0.047). Logistic regression analysis results showed, the MS risk of subjects spending 301-min per week on low to moderate intensity physical activity was significantly low than the MS prevalence among subjects of 90-min grade, OR = 0.844 (95%CI: 0.675 - 0.968), and no statistical difference was found in people spending over 420 min per week OR = 0.936(95%CI: 0.769 - 1.136).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Most of people aged 18 or above engaged in low to moderate intensity physical activity. MS prevalence may be decreased by low to moderate intensity physical activity for 301-min per week, but the decrease was not significant while the duration of time was longer than 420 min per week.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Blood Pressure , Body Mass Index , China , Epidemiology , Exercise , Metabolic Syndrome , Epidemiology , Obesity , Epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective To assess the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality,especially in populations with low mean BMI levels.Methods We examined the data from a population-based,prospective cohort study of 220 000 Chinese men aged 40-79,who were enrolled in 1990-1991,and followed up ever since to 1/1/2006.Relative risks of the deaths from IHD by the baseline BMI were calculated,after controlling age,smoking,and the other potential confounding factors.Results The mean baseline BMI was 21.7 kg/m~2,and 2763 IHD deaths were recorded during the 15-year follow-up (6.8% of all deaths) program.Among men without prior vascular diseases at baseline,there was a J-shaped association between BMI and IHD mortality.When baseline BMI was above 20 kg/m~2,there was a strongly positive association of BMI with IHD risk,with each 5 kg/m~2 higher in BMI associated with 21%(95%CI:9%-35%,P=0.0004) higher IHD mortality.Below this BMI range,the association appeared to be reverse,with the risk ratios as 1.00,1.11,and 1.14,respectively,for men with BMI 20-21.9,18-19.9,and ＜ 18 kg/m~2.The excess IHD risk observed at low BMI levels persisted after restricting analysis to never smokers or excluding the first 3 years of follow-up.Conclusion Lower BMI was associated with lower IHD risk among people in the so-called 'normal range' of BMI values (20-25 kg/m~2).However,below that range,the association might well be reversed.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe geographical distribution and its transition of mortality of cancers in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The information of 2 513 949 310 person years were collected in 1973-1975 and 142 660 482 person years in 2004-2005 respectively. Being standardizing the death rates of these two survey with 2000 national census population, the changes of mortality of main cancers was observed and the geographic distribution of cancers in 2004-2005 was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 1 865 445 cancer deaths were collected in 1973-1975, the standardized death rate was 99.61/100 000, and 193 839 cancer deaths were collected in 2004-2005, the standardized death rate was 123.72/100 000, with growth of 24.20%. District mortality analysis showed that the provincial standardized cancer death rates varied greatly, with the highest in Heilongjiang (7443 cases, 183.34/100 000), and the lowest in Yunnan (2454 cases, 61.03/100 000). The highest standardized death rate of esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, leukemia, female breast cancer, cervical cancer was in Henan (3535 cases, 32.95/100 000), Gansu (1333 cases, 59.35/100 000), Heilongjiang (1640 cases, 38.63/100 000), Shanghai (390 cases, 11.58/100 000), Heilongjiang (2382 cases, 60.15/100 000), Hainan (36 cases, 7.04/100 000), Tianjin (161 cases, 5.45/100 000), Heilongjiang (179 cases, 8.09/100 000), Xinjiang (131 cases, 10.69/100 000) respectively; the lowest standardized cancer death rate of above-mentioned cancers was in Yunnan (63 cases, 1.59/100 000), Beijing (235 cases, 5.95/100 000), Tianjin (454 cases, 10.86/100 000), Tibet (3 cases, 0.82/100 000), Tibet (12 cases, 3.29/100 000), Qinghai (0 case, 0.00/100 000), Tibet (1 cases, 0.28/100 000), Tibet (6 cases, 2.88/100 000), Chongqing (27 cases, 1.02/100 000) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Comparing the two surveys, the standardized mortality of cancers was increased. Most of cancers occurred obviously in cluster by geographical distribution.</p>
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Female , Humans , Male , Cause of Death , China , Epidemiology , Demography , Geography , Neoplasms , Epidemiology , Mortality , Vital StatisticsABSTRACT
Objective To study the association between particulate matter less than 10 micron in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and daily mortality among urban population in Tianjin.Methods We collected data of air quality, daily mean temperature and relative humidity, and daily cause-specific death counts, and used generalized additive models to explore the relationship between ambient particulate matter and daily mortality, after adjusting the effects of long-term and seasonal trend, weather conditions and other gaseous pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.Results An increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM10 was associated with 0.45% (95%CI: 0.21-0.69) non-accidental morality, 0.60% (0.29-0.91) circulatory morality and 0.82% (0.04-1.61) respiratory morality, respectively. Conclusion Our findings indicated that the extent of exposure to PM10 was significantly associated with daily mortality in urban population in Tianjin, especially with the mortality rates on circulatory and respiratory diseases.
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Objective To study the association between sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and daily mortality in urban population from Tianjin. Methods Data on daily concentration of inhalable particulate matter, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, daily mean temperature and relative humidity, daily cause-specific death counts were collected. Generalized additive models was used to explore the relationship between sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and daily mortality, after adjusting the effects of long-term and seasonal trend, weather conditions, and to analyze the potential effect of particulate matter and model parameters on relative risk estimates. Results Results showed that the daily concentrations of SO2 and NO2 were significantly associated with daily non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality but not associated with daily respiratory mortality. An increase of 10 μg/m3 in SO2 was associated with 0.56%(95%CI: 0.23%-0.89%)non-accidental morality, 0.49%(0.06%-0.93%)cardiovascular morality, respectively. An increase of 10μg/m3 in NO2 was associated with 0.94%(95% CI: 0.17%- 1.70%)non-accidental morality, 1.29%(0.29%-2.30%)cardiovascular morality, respectively. Conclusion Our findings suggested that exposure to SO2 and NO2 was significantly associated with daily cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in urban population in Tianjin.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the differences in food and antioxidant vitamin intake in current non-smokers,light smokers,and heavy smokers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>51 115 people (24 077 male, 27 038 female) aged above 15 years who had completed providing information on smoking habit and dietary intake, were selected from 2002 national health and nutrition survey.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After adjustment for geographic areas and age, data showed the smokers ate more light vegetable and alcohol, less dark vegetable and fruit than non-smokers. Male smokers consumed more energetic stuff and macronutrients than non-smokers, but female smokers had opposite trends. Light smokers (LS) consumed less antioxidant than non-smokers (NS) after adjusted for area, age, BMI and energy, with carotene (Male LS = 1824.7 microg, NS = 1964.8 microg; Female LS = 1565.4 microg, NS = 2127.4 microg), thiamin (Male LS = 0.84 mg, NS = 0.85 mg; Female LS = 0.72 mg, NS = 0.74 mg), vitamin E (alpha) (Male LS = 9.2 mg, NS = 9.3 mg; Female LS = 7.4 mg, NS = 8.1 mg), vitamin C (Male LS = 91.2 mg, NS = 94.2 mg; Female LS = 76.9 mg, NS = 87.5 mg).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Smokers had a significantly lower overall mean dietary antioxidant vitamin intake than non-smokers. Increasing the daily consumption of variety of fruits and vegetables had been recommended to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.</p>
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Female , Humans , Male , Antioxidants , Case-Control Studies , China , Diet , Fruit , Nutritional Status , Smoking , Vegetables , VitaminsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore factors that affecting the outcome of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) therapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Factors on the results of therapy were analysed through a case-control study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The common symptoms of SLE were fever, joint pain and skin eruption on face while the common provocation factors of SLE were infection and birth. Through multivariate logistic regression analyses, factors that influencing SLE result of treatment were tachycardia, diastolic pressure step-up, complement C(3) reduction, anti-ds-DNA antibody, SLE relapse and brain syndrome with the OR values as 2.28, 2.34, 2.42, 2.47, 1.98 and 5.56, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The symptom and clinical characteristics of SLE were complicated. SLE treatment result could be influenced by tachycardia, diastolic pressure step-up, complement C(3) reduction, anti-ds-DNA antibody, SLE relapse and brain syndrome suggesting that the prognosis of SLE patients should be comprehensively considered.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Case-Control Studies , China , Epidemiology , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , Epidemiology , Therapeutics , Prognosis , Regression AnalysisABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the current status and trend of food consumption among Chinese residents.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>23,470 households including 68,962 subjects were randomly sampled from 132 counties in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. A 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used to collect information on food intake, but the condiment intake was collected by weighting method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average food consumption per reference man per day of Chinese people included 402 g (urban/rural: 366 g/ 416 g) cereals; 276 g (urban/rural: 252 g/ 286 g) vegetables; 45 g (urban/rural:69 g/36 g) fruits; 79 g (urban/rural: 105 g/69 g) meats; 30 g (urban/rural:45 g/24 g) fishery products; 24 g (urban/rural: 33 g/20 g) eggs; 27 g(urban/rural: 66 g/ 11 g) dairy; 16 g legume; 42 g (urban/rural:44 g/41 g) edible oil; 12 g (urban/rural: 11 g/12 g) salt; 9 g (urban/rural: 11 g/8 g) soy sauce.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For Chinese residents, the quality of diet had been improved and consumptions of animal products, milk, and edible oil had been increased, but the consumptions of dairy and legume products intake was still low which called for improvement. The unbalance was characterized as the downward trend in cereal, vegetable and fruit consumption but significant increased in animal products and oil intake among urban people. Dietary pattern of some subjects adopted a "high energy density" diet. Double burdens from under-nutrition and over-nutrition should both be considered as problems which asked for attention by the government and researchers.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Asian People , China , Dietary Fats , Eating , Edible Grain , Fruit , Meat , Nutrition Surveys , Rural Population , Sodium Chloride, Dietary , Soy Foods , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the impact of environmental factors, daily lifestyle, psycho-social factors and the interactions between environmental factors and chemokines genes on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Case-control study was carried out and environmental factors for SLE were analyzed by univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression. Interactions between environmental factors and chemokines polymorphism contributing to systemic lupus erythematosus were also analyzed by logistic regression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were nineteen factors associated with SLE when univariate unconditional logistic regression was used. However, when multivariate unconditional logistic regression was used, only five factors showed having impacts on the disease, in which drinking well water (OR=0.099) was protective factor for SLE, and multiple drug allergy (OR=8.174), over-exposure to sunshine (OR=18.339), taking antibiotics (OR=9.630) and oral contraceptives were risk factors for SLE. When unconditional logistic regression model was used, results showed that there was interaction between eating irritable food and -2518MCP-1G/G genotype (OR=4.387). No interaction between environmental factors was found that contributing to SLE in this study.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Many environmental factors were related to SLE, and there was an interaction between -2518MCP-1G/G genotype and eating irritable food.</p>