ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane preconditioning on brain injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in rats.Methods Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-8 months,weighing 350-450 g,were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=8 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),CPB group,and preconditioning with different concentrations of sevoflurane groups (SP1,SP2 and SP3 groups).In SP1,SP2 and SP3 groups,sevoflurane with the final concentrations of 1.2％,2.4％ and 3.6％,respectively,was inhaled for 1 h,and then CPB was started.After sevoflurane preconditioning and before CPB (T0),at 30 min of CPB (T1),at the end of CPB (T2),and at 1,2 and 3 h after termination of CPB (T3-5),venous blood samples were collected from the right internal jugular vein for determination of serum S100-β protein concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Rats were sacrificcd at T5,and hippocampi were isolated for determination of neuronal apoptosis (by TUNEL) and NF-κB p65 expression (by immunohistochemistry).Results Compared with group S,the concentration of serum S100-β protein was significantly increased at T1-5,the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly increased,and the expression of NF-κB p65 was significantly up-regulated in CPB,SP1,SP2 and SP3 groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group CPB,the serum S100-β protein concentration was significantly decreased at T1-5,the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased,and the expression of NF-κB p65 was significantly down-regulated in SP1,SP2 and SP3 groups (P＜ 0.05).Compared with group SP1,the serum S100-β protein concentration was significantly decreased at T1-5,the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased,and the expression of NF-κB p65 was significantly down-regulated in SP2 and SP3 groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group SP2,the serum S100-β protein concentration was significantly decreased at T1-5,the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased,and the expression of NF-κB p65 was significantly downregulated in group SP3 (P＜0.05).Conclusion Sevoflurane preconditioning can attenuate CPB-induced brain injury probably by inhibiting activation of NF-κB in hippocampal neurons of rats.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the regulations of lymphatic metastasis of rectal carcinoma which can provide help of clinical diagnosis and treatments.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of 222 patients with rectal carcinoma who underwent surgical resection from November 2006 to January 2012.Summarize the relevance of each factor and lymph node metastasis by logistic regression analysis.Results (1) Gender and lymph node metastasis has no significant correlation (x2 =0.000,P ＞ 0.05).(2) Lymph node metastasis rate reduced with increasing age and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =5.001,P ＜ 0.05).(3) There is no significant difference between tumor location and lymph node metastasis rate (x2 =0.052,P ＞ 0.05),when the distance between anal rectal cancer and the anus was closer,the tendency of lymph node metastasis was higher,and there has the obvious correlation with lymph node metastasis rate of its size,2.5 to 5.5 cm group and more than 5.5 cm lymph node metastasis rate was significantly higher than less than 2.5 cm group with a significant difference (x2 =2.267,P ＜ 0.05).(4) Tumor invasion of the intestinal circumference was closely related with lymph node metastasis rate (x2 =2.323,P ＜0.01).(5) Lymph node metastasis rate was closely related to the depth of invasion,metastasis rate increased with the depth of invasion increasing(x2 =2.277,P ＜0.05).(6) Lymph node metastasis was significantly higher with the decrease of the degree of tumor differentiation (x2 =4.322,P ＜ 0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that the degree of tumor differentiation,infiltration and invasion of intestinal circumference diameter lymph node metastasis influential,OR (95 ％ CI) was 5.562 (0.105-0.444),2.178 (0.144-0.971),1.563 (0.038-8.613) respectively (P ＜0.01).Conclusion The lymphatic metastasis of rectal carcinoma is related to age,tumor size,intestinal circumference invasion,depth of tumor invasion and the differentiating degree of the tumor,and the differentiating degree is the major factor.