ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the gender characteristics,HIV/AIDS related knowledge awareness and behaviors of transgender women.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among the transgender women recruited through snowball sampling in Jinan in 2014,and descriptive epidemiologic analysis was conducted on the survey results.Results A total of 55 transgender women were surveyed,all of them were male physically and female psychologically.Serious gender conflict occurred in 27 subjects (49.1％),and very serious gender conflict occurred in 8 subjects (14.5％).Thirty subjects dressed up as a man in social life,accounting for 54.5％;25 subjects dressed up as a women in social life,accounting for 45.5％.The average awareness rate of HIV/AIDS related knowledge was 57.9％(22/38).The awareness of knowledge about AIDS associated behaviors,such as multi sex partner and anal sex,was poor.For the lovers or sexual partners,58.2％ of the subjects (32/55) would choose males and 50.9％ of the subjects (28/55) had chosen males,and for the sex partner at latest sex,63.6％(35/55) of the subjects had chosen males.Up to 56.3％ of the subjects had sex with casual sexual partners (net friends and partners of one-night stand) at latest sex behavior.Among the subjects surveyed,18(32.7％) never used condoms;29(52.7％) used condoms occasionally;4(7.3％) used condoms frequently and 4(7.3％) used condoms at each sex.Conclusions AIDS associated high risk behaviors were common among the transgender women,such as unprotected anal sex,multiple sexual partners,frequent sex and poor condom use.It is necessary to conduct the study of the HIV infection prevention in transgender women.
ABSTRACT
With the development of economy,increase of cultural exchanges and changes of people's ideology in China,the number of female sex workers (FSWs) increased rapidly under the influence of various social factors.The diverse motivations for women engaging in commercial sex have been observed.Foreign researchers have conducted some surveys of factors associated with female commercial sex,while few such studies were conducted among FSWs in China.This paper summarizes the progress in the research of reasons for women engaging in commercial sex both at home and abroad to provide evidence for future study.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In post-menopausal women, the reduction of estrogen level is followed by gradual increase of bone absorption, accompanied by increased cytokine synthesis and bone metabolism disorder. Observation of serum interleukin-6(IL-6), osteocalcin(OC), estradiol(E2)and urinary pyridinoline (PYD) in women with osteoporosis may help understand role of these factors in the onset and development of osteoporosis.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of serum IL-6, OC, E2, and urinary PYD levels with bone metabolism in women with osteoporosis, so as to identify the factors responsible for the occurrence and development of osteoporosis.DESIGN: A case-controlled clinical observation.SETTING: Central Laboratory of Orthopedics, Nanshan People's Hospital of Shenzhen City.PARTICIPANTS: Between January 1999 and December 2001, 25 post-menopausal women with osteoporosis aged 42 -69 years were selected from the Department of Orthopedics, Nanshan People' s Hospital of Shenzhen to constitute the experimental group, with 10 healthy women from the same hospital serving as control group.METHODS: Two milliliters of fasting venous blood and 2 mL urine samples were collected from women in both groups in the morning to determine the contents of IL-6, OC, PYD and E2, respectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum IL-6, OC, E2 and urinary PYD levels in the subjects.RESULTS: In the experimental group, the IL-6 level was(201.0±79. 9) ng/L, OC(25.5 ± 16.2) μg/L, and PYD(41.3 ±9.7) nmol/mmol (creatinine), all significantly higher than those in control group( t = 2. 159 -2. 953, P < 0.05-0.01) . Serum E2 level in the experimental group (79. 8 ± 73.2) ng/L, however, was significantly lower than that in control group ( t = 2.071, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: IL-6, OC, PYD and E2 may play important roles in the occurrence and development of osteoporosis, and adjustment of the levels of these factors can be necessary in the treatment of women with osteoporosis.