ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background Cardiometabolic risk is high in patients with hypogonadism. Visceral adiposity index (VAI) and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio are the practical markers of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance and independent predictors of cardiaovascular risk. To date, no study has evaluated VAI levels and TG/HDL-C ratio in hypogonadism. Subjects and methods A total of 112 patients with congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (CHH) (mean age, 21.7 ± 2.06 years) and 124 healthy subjects (mean age, 21.5 ± 1.27 years) were enrolled. The demographic parameters, VAI, TG/HDL-C ratio, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were measured for all participants. Results The patients had higher total cholesterol (p = 0.04), waist circumference, triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels (p = 0.001 for all) than the healthy subjects. VAI and ADMA and TG/HDL-C levels were also higher in patients than in healthy subjects (p < 0.001 for all). VAI was weakly correlated with ADMA (r = 0.27, p = 0.015), HOMA-IR (r = 0.22, p = 0.006), hs-CRP (r = 0.19, p = 0.04), and total testosterone (r = −0.21, p = 0.009) levels, whereas TG/HDL-C ratio was weakly correlated weakly with ADMA (r = 0.30, p = 0.003), HOMA-IR (r = 0.22, p = 0.006), and total testosterone (r = −0.16, p = 0.03) levels. Neither VAI nor TG/HDL-C ratio determined ADMA, HOMA-IR, and hs-CRP levels. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that patients with hypogonadism have elevated VAI and TG/HDL-C ratio. These values are significantly correlated with the surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and insulin resistance. However, the predictive roles of VAI and TG/HDL-C ratio are not significant. Prospective follow-up studies are warranted to clarify the role of VAI and TG/HDL-C ratio in predicting cardiometabolic risk in patients with hypogonadism.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Triglycerides/blood , Intra-Abdominal Fat/metabolism , Adiposity/physiology , Hypogonadism/metabolism , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Arginine/analogs & derivatives , Arginine/blood , Algorithms , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Biomarkers/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Predictive Value of Tests , Hypogonadism/complicationsABSTRACT
The morphology, biometry and shape indices of the left and right sagittal otoliths were studied for sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo species from Aegean Sea. The shape, sulcus acusticus shape, proximal and distal surfaces, anterior and posterior regions of left and right sagittal otoliths for a total of 52 D. puntazzo were analyzed. The morphometric measurements such as weight, length, width, area and perimeter were recorded for each pair of sagittal otoliths of the sharpsnout seabream. The shape indices such as form factor, roundness, aspect ratio, circularity, rectangularity, and ellipticity were calculated for left and right sagittal otoliths of D. puntazzo. The otolith width and ellipticity were significantly different (P <0.05) for left and right sagittal otolith measurements and shape indices, respectively in D. puntazzo inhabiting the Aegean Sea. Morphological characteristics of fish otoliths were highly variable in species and populations; there was limited information on the sagittal otolith morphology and shape indices. The present study provided sufficient information of the sharpsnout seabream left and right otolith morphologies, biometry, and shape indices in the Aegean Sea, they may provide a useful tool for marine and freshwater species discrimination and identification in further investigations.
Los índices morfológicos, biometría y la forma de los otolitos sagitales izquierdo y derecho se estudiaron para la especie sargo picudo, Diplodus puntazzo del mar Egeo. Se analizaron en 52 D. puntazzo la forma del surco acústico, las superficies proximal y distal y las regiones posteriores de los otolitos sagitales izquierdo y derecho. Además, se registraron para cada par de otolitos sagitales las mediciones morfométricas de peso, longitud, ancho y perímetro. Se calcularon en ambos otolitos sagitales los índices de forma, factor de forma, relación de aspecto, circularidad, ortogonalidad y elipticidad. En el D. puntazzo que habita en el mar Egeo, el ancho y elipticidad de los otolitos fueron significativamente diferentes (P <0,05), para las mediciones de otolitos sagitales izquierdo y derecho, respectivamente. Existen gran variabilidad en las características morfológicas de los otolitos de diferentes especies y poblaciones de peces, asimismo es limitada la información de los índices morfológicos y la forma de los otolitos sagitales. El presente estudio proporciono información suficiente sobre la morfología y biometría de los otolitos izquierdo y derecho del sargo picudo en el Mar Egeo, lo que puede proporcionar una herramienta útil para la discriminación e identificación de especies marinas de agua dulce y para nuevas investigaciones.