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Objective:To estimate the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women and children in Xinjiang.Methods:Using cluster random sampling method, from March to September in 2018, in the whole district, county (city, district) was treated as a unit to conduct sampling; each county (city, district) was divided into five areas (east, west, south, north, middle), 40 children aged 8 - 10 and 20 pregnant women in each area were randomly selected, salt samples and urine samples were collected to measure iodine content, and B-ultrasound method was used to detect thyroid volume in children.Results:Among 94 counties (cities, districts), 18 859 salt samples were collected from children and 9 070 salt samples from pregnant women. The median salt iodine (interquartile range) for children was 26.65 (23.70, 29.80) mg/kg, and the median salt iodine (interquartile range) for pregnant women was 26.60 (23.80, 29.80) mg/kg. Totally 17 736 qualified iodized salt samples and 109 non-iodized salt samples consumed by children were tested, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 99.42% (18 750/18 859), qualified rate of iodized salt was 94.59% (17 736/18 750), the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 94.05% (17 736/18 859), and the non-iodized salt rate was 0.58% (109/18 859). Totally 8 533 qualified iodized salt samples and 57 non-iodized salt samples consumed by pregnant women were tested, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 99.37% (9 013/9 070), the qualified rate of iodized salt was 94.67% (8 533/9 013), the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 94.08% (8 533/9 070), and the non-iodized salt rate was 0.63% (57/9 070). Twelve counties (cities, districts) had a consumption rate of qualified iodized salt lower than 90% for children, and 14 counties (cities, districts) had a consumption rate of qualified iodized salt lower than 90% for pregnant women. Totally 18 862 8 - 10 years old children's urine samples were detected, median urinary iodine was 227.0 μg/L, no county (city, district) was found with median urinary iodine < 100 μg/L. A total of 9 070 pregnant women's urine samples were detected, median urinary iodine was 182.0 μg/L, and 23 counties (cities, districts) had a median urinary iodine less than 150 μg/L. B ultrasound was used to detect thyroid volume in 18 787 children aged 8 - 10 years, 231 children had goiter, and the goiter rate was 1.23%, ranged from 0 to 12.05%, and 2 counties (cities, districts) had goiter rate > 5%.Conclusions:There are still some areas in Xinjiang with the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt < 90%. Children's iodine nutrition is greater than the appropriate amount (200 - 299 μg/L), pregnant women's iodine nutrition is appropriate (150 - 249 μg/L), and children's goiter rate generally meets national elimination and control standards (< 5%). Monitoring of iodized salt should be strengthened, and iodine nutrition levels in children and pregnant women should be continuously monitored.
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Objective To investigate iodine nutritional status of key population in Puhui Town,Korla Xinjiang.Methods In 2018,totally 29 samples of factory water,peripheral water and self-prepared well water from centralized water supply in Puhui Town were collected,and urine samples,salt samples and blood samples were collected from 200 children aged 8 to 10 years old and 100 women of childbearing age (including pregnant women)in Puhui Town.Arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometric method was used for determination of iodine in water and urine;the salt iodine was determined using direct titration and the thyroid was examined by ultrasound.The assessment was conducted according to the standard of "Delineation of Water-source Areas and Endemic Areas of High Iodine Goiter" (GB/T 19380-2016).Results In this survey,the median of water iodine in Puhui town (n =29)was 76.1 μg/L,and the median of salt iodine (n =175) was 27.76 mg/kg;the rate of iodized salt was 98.29％ (172/175);the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 96.00％ (168/175);the medians of urinary iodine of children aged 8 to 10 years old (n =208),women of childbearing age (n =73),and pregnant women (n =25) were 292.47,248.23,and 246.36 μg/L,respectively.The thyroid enlargement rate was 1.9％ (4/208) in children aged 8-10 years old,no swelling of women of childbearing age and pregnant women.Conclusions Iodine nutrition of pregnant women is in an appropriate state;both the children aged 8 to 10 years old and the women of childbearing aged are in excess of the appropriate level;goiter rate is lower in children.According to the national standards,Puhui Town does not belong to waterborne high iodine area.
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Objective To understand the prevention and control of coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis in Hubei Province, and to evaluate the effects of prevention and control measures on coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis. Methods According to the requirements of national "Coal-burning-borne Endemic Fluorosis Monitoring Program", 9 fixed monitoring villages and 15 non-fixed villages in Jianshi, Badong and Zhuxi were selected as the monitoring sites every year from 2012 to 2017, 10 households were selected in each village to carry out the dynamic monitoring of the usage of stove and health behavior related to the corn and pepper for human consumption. At the same time, the monitoring survey of children's dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride were carried out. Results From 2012 to 2017, the residents of the monitoring villages mainly used the improved stoves, the usage rates of the improved stove were all > 96％. There were statistically significant differences in the qualified rate and correct usage rate of the improved stove between each year (fixed monitoring villages: χ2 = 48.71, 63.72, P < 0.05; non-fixed monitoring villages: χ2 = 74.02, 84.80, P < 0.05). The correct usage rates of the improved stove were all 100.00％from 2015 to 2017. There were statistically significant differences in the correct rate of drying, keeping and washing eating corn and pepper between each year (fixed monitoring villages: χ2 = 10.18, 10.41, 4.99, 15.71, 4.67, 6.80, P <0.05; non-fixed monitoring villages: χ2 = 6.22, 6.23, 18.86, 49.90, 23.88, 6.42, P < 0.05). From 2015 to 2017, all the rest rates were 100.00％ except for the washing rate of pepper before eating. It showed a significant decline of dental fluorosis detection rate in 8 to 12 years old children annually (χ2 = 251.89, P < 0.05), from 33.57％(330/983) of 2012 to 10.26％ (111/1082) of 2017. The geometric means of urinary fluoride of children were 0.62, 0.60, 0.54, 0.53, 0.54 and 0.47 mg/L, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between each year (H = 56.91, P < 0.05). Conclusions The prevention and control measures on coal -burning -borne endemic fluorosis of the 3 monitoring counties are implemented well in Hubei Province. Health behavior and life style are gradually formed, and the general condition gets better obviously.
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Objective@#To understand the prevention and control of coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis in Hubei Province, and to evaluate the effects of prevention and control measures on coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis.@*Methods@#According to the requirements of national "Coal-burning-borne Endemic Fluorosis Monitoring Program", 9 fixed monitoring villages and 15 non-fixed villages in Jianshi, Badong and Zhuxi were selected as the monitoring sites every year from 2012 to 2017, 10 households were selected in each village to carry out the dynamic monitoring of the usage of stove and health behavior related to the corn and pepper for human consumption. At the same time, the monitoring survey of children's dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride were carried out.@*Results@#From 2012 to 2017, the residents of the monitoring villages mainly used the improved stoves, the usage rates of the improved stove were all > 96%. There were statistically significant differences in the qualified rate and correct usage rate of the improved stove between each year (fixed monitoring villages: χ2= 48.71, 63.72, P < 0.05; non-fixed monitoring villages: χ2= 74.02, 84.80, P < 0.05). The correct usage rates of the improved stove were all 100.00% from 2015 to 2017. There were statistically significant differences in the correct rate of drying, keeping and washing eating corn and pepper between each year (fixed monitoring villages: χ2= 10.18, 10.41, 4.99, 15.71, 4.67, 6.80, P < 0.05; non-fixed monitoring villages: χ2= 6.22, 6.23, 18.86, 49.90, 23.88, 6.42, P < 0.05). From 2015 to 2017, all the rest rates were 100.00% except for the washing rate of pepper before eating. It showed a significant decline of dental fluorosis detection rate in 8 to 12 years old children annually (χ2=251.89, P < 0.05), from 33.57% (330/983) of 2012 to 10.26% (111/1 082) of 2017. The geometric means of urinary fluoride of children were 0.62, 0.60, 0.54, 0.53, 0.54 and 0.47 mg/L, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between each year (H=56.91, P < 0.05).@*Conclusions@#The prevention and control measures on coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis of the 3 monitoring counties are implemented well in Hubei Province. Health behavior and life style are gradually formed, and the general condition gets better obviously.
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Objective To understand the levels of water fluoride,tea fluorosis and the severity of drinking tea type of endemic fluorosis in Xinjiang from 2014 to 2016,and to provide a basis for making prevention and control measures.Methods In 2014-2016,a cross-sectional study was conducted to select six counties with serious fluorosis in Xinjiang as monitor counties,one diseased township was selected from five directions including east,south,west,north and center in each county,one village was selected in each township,and 10 families were selected to investigate the situation of brick tea drinking.Drinking water and brick tea samples were collected for detection of fluorine content,and epidemiological methods were used to analyze the prevalence of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis.Results In 2014-2016,resident population per capita brick tea consumptions were 3.9-4.4 kg,per capita brick tea fluorine intakes were 4.6-6.1 mg,and the mean of tea fluorine was 433.1,385.2,432.7 mg/kg,respectively,the differences were not statistically significant (F =0.33,P ＞ 0.05);the means of water fluorine were 0.06-1.26 mg/L,and they were 0.38,0.37,0.33 mg/L,respectively,the differences were not statistically significant (F =2.64,P ＞ 0.05).The survey results showed that dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 was 243 in three years,with a detection rate of 4.47％ (243/5 442) and the range of 0.08-0.14,which was negative.The skeletal fluorosis of adults aged 36-45 was 25 in 2015,with a detection rate of 2.75％ (25/910).Conclusions The fluorine content of some tea in drinking tea type of endemic fluorosis areas in Xinjiang is high,and the fluorine content of some water samples has exceed the standard of drinking water type disease area (1.2 mg/L).The prevalences of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis are acceptable;it is recommended to maintain the previous prevention and control policies and to further monitor the tea market.
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To investigate the role of ET 1 in the pathogenesis of SU, a model was established by cold restraint stress(CRS) inducing rat ulcer, immunohistochemistry(IHC)ABC method and radioimmunoassay(RIA) methods were used to determine ET 1 content and to study the expression and location of ET 1 in stomach of normal and CRS rats,and to evaluate the ulcer index(UI). IHC showed that ET 1 was stained as brownish grains,localized in the cytoplasm of vascular endothelial cells, stomach smooth muscle cells, gastric epithelial and vascular smooth muscule cells around lamina muscularis mucosae in stomach. The proportion of ET 1 positive cells was significantly higher in 3h poststress gastric mucosa than in normal gastric mucosa in rats by IHC( P
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To explore the significance of endothelin-1 converting enzyme (ECE-1)mRNA expression in the development and progression of stress ulcer in cold-restraint-stress(CRS) rats, a model was established by CRS-induced ulcers in rats. ET-1 contents in plasma and gastric mucosa of rats were measured by using radioimmunoassay(RIA)method, gastric mucosa blood flow(GMBF) in rats were determined by using laser-doppler flowmetry, ulcer index(UI) in rats was estimated according to"Guth standard", and the expression levels of ECE-1mRNA in gastric mucosa of normal and CRS rats were measured by using dot blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The results indicated that compared with control values,the ET-1 contents in both plasma and gastric mucosa of CRS rats were increased significantly after stress (P