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OBJECTIVE Optimizing the water extraction technology of Xiangqin jiere granules. METHODS The orthogonal test of 3 factors and 3 levels was designed， and comprehensive scoring was conducted for the above indexes by using G1-entropy weight to obtain the optimized water extraction technology of Xiangqin jiere granules with water addition ratio， extraction time and extraction times as factors， using the contents of forsythoside A， baicalin， phillyrin， oroxylin A-7-O-β-D-glycoside， wogonoside， baicalein and wogonin， and extraction rate as evaluation indexes. BP neural network modeling was used to optimize the network model and water extraction process using the results of 9 groups of orthogonal tests as test and training data， the water addition multiple， decocting time and extraction times as input nodes， and the comprehensive score as output nodes. Then the two analysis methods were compared by verification test to find the best water extraction process parameters. RESULTS The water extraction technology optimized by the orthogonal test was 8-fold water， extracting 3 times， extracting for 1 h each time. Comprehensive score was 96.84 （RSD＝0.90%）. The optimal water extraction technology obtained by BP neural network modeling included 12-fold water， extracting 4 times， extracting for 0.5 h each time. The comprehensive score was 92.72 （RSD＝0.77%）， which was slightly lower than that of the orthogonal test. CONCLUSIONS The water extraction technology of Xiangqin jiere granules is optimized successfully in the study， which includes adding 8-fold water， extracting 3 times， and extracting for 1 hour each time.
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Objective To explore the factors related to the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among middle school students in four provinces (municipality) in China.Methods A total of 3 469 middle school students were recruited from the Children health cohort in eight counties within the four provinces (municipality).We collected information regarding demography,lifestyle,and family and school situation as well as the consumption frequency of SSB in the previous week.High SSB consumption was defined as "positive" if the frequency was once a day or more.Mean consumption time was calculated,and then logistic regressions were performed to explore the factors influencing SSB consumption.Results Prevalence of high SSB consumption was 11.18％ among the subjects of the eight counties,and the consumption frequency of SSB was 0.21 times per day.Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were associated with high consumption of SSB:higher grade,rural region,male gender,physical exercise,habit of eating snacks,eating out,and fast-food consumption (P＜0.01).Factors influencing high SSB consumption were not completely equal between genders:physical exercise at school was associated with high SSB consumption only in female students (P＜0.01),while higher grade and eating out in the past week were associated with high SSB consumption only in male students (P＜0.05).Conclusion Factors associated with high SSB consumption among middle school students included grade,region,physical exercise at school,snack consumption,eating out,and fast-food consumption.These factors differed between genders.Intervention programs addressing these factors may be beneficial in reducing SSB consumption in middle school students.
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Objective To describe the prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation in adults of Jiangxi province in 2013.Methods Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 6 000 individuals aged ≥18 years from 10 chronic and non-communicable disease and risk factor surveillance points of Jiangxi province in 2013.A face-to-face questionnaire survey was carried out to collect information about the risk factors for chronic and non-communicable diseases and 5 997 records were used in final analysis of smoking and smoking cessation.Sample was weighted to represent the adult population of Jiangxi province.The prevalence of different groups were analyzed.Results The prevalence of current smoking of the sample was 21.53％ (1 291/5 997).After complex weighting,the prevalence of smoking was 26.07％ in adults in Jiangxi (95％ CI:23.48％-28.66％),and it was much higher in men (50.62％,95％CI:46.31％-54.94％) than in women (1.46％,95％CI:0.57％-2.35％),the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The differences in smoking prevalence were significant among different age groups (P=0.029),and the smoking prevalence increased with educational level,but decreased with the worse of self-reported health condition.Most current smokers smoked every day (87.16％,95％CI:83.29％-91.03％) and averagely 19.27 (95％ CI:17.69-20.85) cigarettes were smoked daily.The proportion of smokers with average daily consumption ≥20 cigarettes was 64.74％ (95％CI:55.79％-73.70％).The smokers' average age of starting daily smoking was 20.28 (95％CI:19.74-20.82) years old,which was lower in men [20.11 (95％ CI:19.61-20.61) years old] than in women [26.88(95％ CI:24.73-29.03) years old],the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Among the male smokers,27.04％ (95％ CI:18.91％-35.16％) of male smokers was less than 18 years old when they started daily smoking,and the proportion was 17.46％ (95％ CI:0％-37.71％) in female smokers.The smoking cessation rate was 14.80％ (95％CI:10.88％-18.72％) and increased with age,the increase of income level and the worse of self-reported health condition.The successful smoking cessation rate was 10.89％ (95％ CI:8.36％-13.42％).Only 32.10％(95％CI:21.95％-42.25％) of current smokers attempted to quit smoking.The prevalence of passive smoking was 54.71％ (95％ CI:44.20％-65.21％).Conclusion The prevalence of smoking was high in adults in Jiangxi and the proportion of heavy smokers was large.Less smokers quitted smoking and the proportion of current smokers attempting to quit smoking was small.Males and adolescent smokers are targeted populations for tobacco control and special strategy should be taken according to the characteristics of smoking population in Jiangxi.
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Objective To describe the prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation in adults of Jiangxi province in 2013.Methods Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 6 000 individuals aged ≥18 years from 10 chronic and non-communicable disease and risk factor surveillance points of Jiangxi province in 2013.A face-to-face questionnaire survey was carried out to collect information about the risk factors for chronic and non-communicable diseases and 5 997 records were used in final analysis of smoking and smoking cessation.Sample was weighted to represent the adult population of Jiangxi province.The prevalence of different groups were analyzed.Results The prevalence of current smoking of the sample was 21.53％ (1 291/5 997).After complex weighting,the prevalence of smoking was 26.07％ in adults in Jiangxi (95％ CI:23.48％-28.66％),and it was much higher in men (50.62％,95％CI:46.31％-54.94％) than in women (1.46％,95％CI:0.57％-2.35％),the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The differences in smoking prevalence were significant among different age groups (P=0.029),and the smoking prevalence increased with educational level,but decreased with the worse of self-reported health condition.Most current smokers smoked every day (87.16％,95％CI:83.29％-91.03％) and averagely 19.27 (95％ CI:17.69-20.85) cigarettes were smoked daily.The proportion of smokers with average daily consumption ≥20 cigarettes was 64.74％ (95％CI:55.79％-73.70％).The smokers' average age of starting daily smoking was 20.28 (95％CI:19.74-20.82) years old,which was lower in men [20.11 (95％ CI:19.61-20.61) years old] than in women [26.88(95％ CI:24.73-29.03) years old],the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Among the male smokers,27.04％ (95％ CI:18.91％-35.16％) of male smokers was less than 18 years old when they started daily smoking,and the proportion was 17.46％ (95％ CI:0％-37.71％) in female smokers.The smoking cessation rate was 14.80％ (95％CI:10.88％-18.72％) and increased with age,the increase of income level and the worse of self-reported health condition.The successful smoking cessation rate was 10.89％ (95％ CI:8.36％-13.42％).Only 32.10％(95％CI:21.95％-42.25％) of current smokers attempted to quit smoking.The prevalence of passive smoking was 54.71％ (95％ CI:44.20％-65.21％).Conclusion The prevalence of smoking was high in adults in Jiangxi and the proportion of heavy smokers was large.Less smokers quitted smoking and the proportion of current smokers attempting to quit smoking was small.Males and adolescent smokers are targeted populations for tobacco control and special strategy should be taken according to the characteristics of smoking population in Jiangxi.
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0.05). In the rehabilitation group, all the symptoms and functions were improved significantly after 3 courses of treatment (P