Job Stress, Job Satisfaction of Emergency Residents and Its Related Factors

PURPOSE: The rate of volunteering by emergency residents is currently low in Korea because of the relatively high job stress. We aimed to investigate the job stress and job satisfaction of emergency residents and we wanted to identify the related factors. METHODS: Data was collected by conducting a cross-sectional mail survey. This mail was sent to 397 emergency residents in Korea. Among them, 226 persons answered the questionnaire and 220 responses were analyzed, with excluding 6 incomplete answers. RESULTS: Age, gender, the marriage status and the type of training hospital showed no statistically significant differences in relation to job stress and job satisfaction. XXXXBut the grade of the residents, satisfaction as emergency residents, thoughts of changing their job, thoughts of leaving the emergency department, their social and economic positions and the type of work-shift showed significant differences for job stress and job satisfaction. XXX Among the job stresses, the mean scores of the job factor, the environmental factor and the reward factor were 3.45+/-0.90, 3.63 +/-0.67 and 3.55+/-0, respectively. Among job satisfaction, the mean scores of the job factor, the relationship factor and the reward factor were 3.59+/-0.67, 2.46+/-0.74 and 2.53+/-0.80, respectively CONCLUSION: The job stress of emergency residents is excessive, and especially for the environmental and reward factors, and the degree of job satisfaction is low. Management of crowding, improving the environment by changing the type of work-shift type, eradicating violence in the emergency department and adequate rewards are needed to reduce this job stress. Efforts to increase the treatment capability and positively improve the relationship of residents with other medical specialists should be made to enhance emergency residents' job satisfaction.

A Study on the Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-alpha, Epidermal GrowthFactor and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Thyroid Tumors / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cell proliferation and differentiation are regulated by growth factors and growth factor receptors. Inappropriate expressions of growth factors and altered responsiveness of growth factor receptors may influence the biological and clinical phenotype of tumor. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the expressions of TGF-alpha, EGF, EGFR and clinical behaviors in thyroid tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The material consisted of 19 papillary carcinomas, 8 follicular carcinomas, 6 anaplastic carcinomas, 8 follicular adenomas and 5 normal thyroid tissues. The authors performed immunohistochemical staining for TGF-alpha, EGF and EGFR. RESULTS: Positive staining for TGF-alpha was found in 84.2% of papillary carcinomas, 100% of follicular carcinomas, 83.3% of anaplastic carcinomas and 25% of follicular adenomas. EGF was positive in 57.8% of papillary carcinomas, 25% of follicular carcinomas, 0% of anaplastic carcinomas and 25% of follicular adenomas. EGFR was positive in 52.6% of papillary carcinomas, 85.7% of follicular carcinomas, 83.3% of anaplastic carcinomas and 75% of follicular adenomas. There was no statistical relationship between regional lymph node metastasis, primary tumor size, patient's age and positive expression rates for TGF-alpha, EGF and EGFR. CONCLUSION: TGF-alpha expression was statistically higher in the malignant thyroid tumors than in benign thyroid tumors. However, the expression of EGFR was shown to be higher in thyroid tumors than in the normal thyroid tissues, but there was no statistical difference between benign and malignant tumors. EGF expressions demonstrated no statistical significance in thyroid tumors.

Immunohistochemical Study between Extracellular Matrix Protein Tenascin and T Lymphocytes Distribution in Cholesteatoma / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Components of extracellular matrix protein play a crucial role in morphogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation. Protein is highly conserved during evolution and is expressed in a variety of tissues, and the amount of T and B lymphocytes are significantly higher in cholesteatomatous tissue than in the external auditory canal skin. We examined the spatiotemporal expression and distribution of extracelluar matrix protein tenascin and lymphocytes of cholesteatomatous tissue and normal external auditory canal skin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The biopsy specimens of cholesteatomatous tissue and external auditory canal skin were obtained during middle ear surgery. Monoclonal mouse antibodies against tenascin, CD4 helper cell and CD8 cytotoxic/suppressor T cells were used. RESULTS: The results are as follows: 1) The expression of tenascin was significantly increased in cholesteatomatous tissue compared to that in normal external auditory canal skin. 2) As the expression of T lymphocytes increased, the expression of tenascin increased significantly (p<0.05, r=0.832). 3) As the expression of Langerhans' cells increased, the expression of tenascin increased significantly (p<0.05, r=0.788). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the change in the composition of the extracelluar matrix protein and lymphocyte in cholesteatomatous tissue may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cholesteatomatous otitis media.