Comparisons of efficacy and safety of tolterodine and oxybutynin in children with idiopathic overactive bladder / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the efficacy and safety of tolterodine and oxybutynin in the treatment of idiopathic overactive bladder in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 204 children with idiopathic overactive bladder were randomly divided into three groups (n=68 each): placebo, tolterodine-treated and oxybutynin-treated. The efficacy and safety were evaluated two weeks after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The effective rate was 25% in the placebo group, 89% in the tolterodine-treated group, and 92% in the oxybutynin-treated group. The effective rate in the two treatment groups was significantly higher than that in the placebo group (P<0.05). There was a similar efficacy between the two treatment groups. The incidence of adverse events in the tolterodine-treated group (28%) was significantly lower than that in the oxybutnin-treated group (57%) (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Tolterodine has a similar efficacy to oxybutynin in the treatment of idiopathic overactive bladder in children, with better safety in pharmacotherapy.</p>

Effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on the testis and testicular gubernaculum of fetal KM mice / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the testis and testicular gubernaculum of fetal KM mice in vivo and to investigate the mechanism of DEHP-induced cryptorchidism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty healthy pregnant KM mice were randomly and equally divided into a blank control group, a corn oil control group and a DEHP group. The pregnant mice in the latter group were exposed to DEHP by gavage at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight per day from gestation day 12 (GD12) through gestation day 19 (GD19). The effects of DEHP were observed on the number of fetuses per pregnancy, the ratio of male to female pups, the weight of the testis, the morphology and location of the testis and gubernaculum, the relative testis-bladder neck distance (TBD) and cranial suspensory ligament (CSL) residual. The expressions of the androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER) and actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the gubernaculum were detected by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>DEHP reduced the testis weight and TBD, induced different degrees of testis maldescent, but produced no obvious effect on the body weight, the number of fetuses per pregnancy, the sex ratio and the testis gubernacular morphology. Under the light microscope, hypotrophy was seen in all the testis seminiferous tubules, spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells, marked Leydig cell hyperplasia was noted, and the positive expression of AR in the gubernaculum was decreased in the DEHP group (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DEHP could cause dysfunction of the testis gubernaculum via its anti-androgen effect, induce cryptorchidism, and cause dysplasia and dysfunction of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and spermatogenic cells in fetal mice.</p>

Isolation, cultivation, identification and functional study of fetal mice Leydig cells in vitro / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the methods of isolation, cultivation, purification, identification of the fetal mice testis Leydig cell and to observe its biological characteristics in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Leydig cells were isolated by 0.03% collagenase (type I) from fetal mice testis and cultured in DMEM/F12 medium. The identity and purity of Leydig cell were assessed by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase delta4-delta5 isomerase (3beta-HSD). Cell viability was measured by trypan blue. Testosterone level in the medium of cultured Leydig cells was measured in various culture phases and cell density by radioimmunoassay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The purity of Leydig cell was (45.10 +/- 1.66)% before culture, and (81.17 +/- 2. 32)% 72 h after culture. The level of testosterone secreted by Leydig cells could be detected in the medium and its level was associated with the density and time of cultured Leydig cells. The secretion capacity of testosterone by single Leydig cell decreased gradually during the culturing period.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The fetal Leydig cells isolated from fetal mice testis have high purity. It can be cultured and kept the secretion ability of testosterone for a few days in vitro. This system can provide a valuable model for further study on the cellular function of the Leydig cells of fetal mice.</p>

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate affects the testes and leydig cells of neonatal KM mice / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on neonatal mice's testes and Leydig cells in vivo.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pregnant mice were exposed to DEHP at the dose of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg (body weight) per day by gavage from gestation day 12 (GD 12) through postnatal day 3 (PND 3), respectively. The testis and body weights, testicular histopathology and the activity of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) of the neonatal mice were investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The body and testis weights of the male mice's offspring were significantly reduced following DEHP exposure. Leydig cell morphology was affected significantly by DEHP as compared with the controls. Leydig cells obviously increased in the neonatal mice's testes on PND 15 and PND 30 when exposed to DEHP (500 mg/[kg x d]). Activities and positive area of the steroidogenic enzymes 3beta-HSD immunoexpression decreased markedly when exposed to DEHP (100 mg/[kg x d] or 200 mg/[kg x d]). Image analysis showed a decrease in the activities of 3beta-HSD in the animals exposed to DEHP (500 mg/[kg x d]), but an increase in the positive area of 3beta-HSD immunoexpression as compared with the control animals on PND 15 (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DEHP affects the Leydig cell morphology, the activity of 3beta-HSD, the testis and body weights and the testicular histopathology of neonatal mice, and it may function as an antiandrogenic agent.</p>