ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinicopathologic features of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) in patients with refractory epilepsy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical, radiologic and pathologic features of 38 cases of FCD receiving surgical treatment in 2005 were reviewed retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean age of disease onset was 9.2 years. The disease lasted for 11.9 years on average and often presented as complex partial seizure. Radiologic examination revealed hippocampal sclerosis, or abnormal signals in the grey matter in 21 cases. According to Palmini's classification system, the following pathologic subgroups were identified: FCD type IA (3/38), FCD type IB (20/38), FCD type IIA (5/38) and FCD type IIB (5/38). The remaining 5 cases were classified as mild cortical dysplasia. Topographically, FCD type II was often seen in the extratemporal region (8/10), predominantly in the frontal lobe (5/8). Dual pathology was identified only in cases with FCD type IB. Immunohistochemical study showed that the giant neurons, immature neurons and dysmorphic neurons were strongly positive for NeuN. A small number of balloon cells expressed nestin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>FCD is a common cause of refractory epilepsy. FCD type IB is the predominant pathologic subtype. Associated hippocampal sclerosis is sometimes seen. Clinicopathologic differences between FCD type I and FCD type II are observed.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Young Adult , Antigens, Nuclear , Metabolism , Cerebral Cortex , Pathology , Epilepsy , Malformations of Cortical Development , Classification , Metabolism , Pathology , Microtubule-Associated Proteins , Metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins , Metabolism , Neurons , Metabolism , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the immunohistochemical expression of OCT4, CD117 and CD30 in germ cell tumors and to assess their diagnostic value.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Immunohistochemical study for OCT4 was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of 63 cases of germ cell tumors, including seminoma (21), dysgerminoma (7), germinoma (8), embryonal carcinoma (8), yolk sac tumor (6), mature teratoma (10) and immature teratoma (3), as well as 25 cases of non-germ cell tumors, including granulosa cell tumor (8), clear cell adenocarcinoma (4), Leydig's cell tumor (5), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (4) and malignant melanoma (4). Besides, the expression of CD117 and CD30 in all germ cell tumors was studied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All cases of seminoma and germinoma, 6/7 cases of dysgerminoma and 7/8 cases of embryonal carcinoma were positive for OCT4, with strong nuclear staining. All other germ cell tumors and non-germ cell tumors were negative for OCT4, except for 1 case of yolk sac tumor and 1 case of clear cell adenocarcinoma which showed weak staining. Positive membranous expression of CD117 was demonstrated in 19/21(90.5%) seminoma, 5/7 dysgerminoma and 7/8 germinoma. Focal weak membranous staining was also noted in 1 case of yolk sac tumor. The melanocytes in teratoma were also positive for CD117. All cases of embryonal carcinoma were negative. On the other hand, positive membranous expression of CD30 were demonstrated in 6/8 embryonal carcinoma. One case of germinoma and 1 case of yolk sac tumor showed weak cytoplasmic positivity. All cases of seminoma and dysgerminoma, 7/8 germinoma and all cases of teratoma were negative for CD30.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>OCT4 is a sensitive and relatively specific marker for diagnosing seminoma, dysgerminoma, germinoma and embryonal carcinoma. CD117 and CD30 immunostains, when used in combination, represent valuable tools for distinguishing embryonal carcinoma and seminoma, dysgerminoma, germinoma.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Carcinoma, Embryonal , Metabolism , Pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Dysgerminoma , Metabolism , Pathology , Endodermal Sinus Tumor , Metabolism , Pathology , Germinoma , Metabolism , Pathology , Ki-1 Antigen , Metabolism , Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal , Metabolism , Pathology , Octamer Transcription Factor-3 , Metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms , Metabolism , Pathology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit , Metabolism , Seminoma , Metabolism , Pathology , Teratoma , Metabolism , Pathology , Testicular Neoplasms , Metabolism , PathologyABSTRACT
Objective To quantify the neurons in the temporal lobe white matter and find their distribution in the neurologically normal individuals.Methods The temporal lobe at the level of exterior geniculata body from brain autopsy samples of 14 neurologically normal individuals were made into large slice followed by quantitative analysis of neuron density,cell density,ratio and diameter of the neuronal nuclear and the distribution of white matter neurons using two-dimensional cell counting methods.Results With the depth of the white matter of the temporal lobe increasing,the neuron density decreased from 29.26 neurons/ mm~2 to 7.32 neurons/mm~2 and 0.00 neurons/mm~2,respectively;the cell density,neuron ratio and diameter of the neuronal nuclei all decreased.Conclusion There are neurons in the temporal lobe white matter of neurologically normal individuals,whose distribution of neurons is related to the depth of white matter.