ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical characteristics of pediatric hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and to improve its understanding so as to reduce the misdiagnosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 26 children with HFRS between January 2009 and December 2012.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age of disease onset was mainly distributed between 7 and 14 years (23 cases, 88%), and the male-to-female ratio was 1.89:l. The clinical manifestations of pediatric HFRS varied. The early symptoms resembled those of a cold, and in the course of HFRS, most patients developed digestive symptoms such as vomiting and abdominal pain. The laboratory examinations usually implicated platelet changes, and the imaging examinations revealed polyserous effusions. The prominent complication was myocardial injury.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pediatric HFRS mainly occurs in school-age children, more commonly in males. HFRS does not have typical clinical manifestations or symptoms, so it should be distinguished from cold or appendicitis at the early stage. When applying the fluid replacement therapy, the cardiac function should be carefully monitored in case of heart failure.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Fluid Therapy , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome , Diagnosis , Therapeutics , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Objective To synthesize the t-butyloxy carbonyl (Boc) protected cyclic amino acids Boc-Acc5-OH and Boc-Acc6-OH, and then use this type of conformational constrained amino acids in the solid synthesis of peptides in order to investigate their application in the solid synthesis and stability in strong acid environment. Methods With corresponding cyclic ketones reacting with KCN and ammonium salt, cyclic compounds with cyano group were obtained. Then cyclic amino acids were achieved through the acidic hydrolysis of the cyano group. By reacting with Boc2O in the weak base solution, we obtained the Boc protected cyclic amino acids which were characterized in term of relative molecular mass and structure using ESI-MS and 1H NMR. We used solid-phase synthesis, p-methylbenzhydrylamine resin, Boc and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl(Fmoc) synthesis strategy to prepare the peptides, and analyzed them by HPLC and ESI-MS. Results The cyclic amino acids were identified by 1H NMR and ESI-MS. Besides, we obtained two gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues which were characterized by ESI-MS. The crude peptides had a relatively high purity by HPLC and were easy to purify. Conclusion The cyclic amino acids have a favorable condensation efficiency in the solid synthesis technology, moreover, they can keep stable in strong acid condition.
ABSTRACT
Targeted chemotherapy represents a modern oncological strategy designed to specifically deliver the chemotherapeutic agents to the tumor site. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor is over-expressed on many types of tumors, and it is present in low or non-detectable quantities in the normal tissues. Thus anti-tumor drugs are specifically delivered to tumor tissues or cells via endocytosis mediated by GnRH receptors and eventually improve its therapeutic efficiency. At present GnRH receptor targeting drug delivery system has been extensively researched, which has greatly increased the drug distribution in tumor sites and improved its stability and solubility and circumvented the development of drug resistance, extended the circulation time in vivo and decreased their peripheral toxicity. This review covers the bioconjugates containing various chemotherapeutic agents, based on GnRH analogs.