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Craniocerebral war injury, mainly caused by weaponry equipment and wartime conditions during warfare, are characterized by high difficulty in treatment and evacuation as well as high mortality rate. The field surgical treatment of craniocerebral war injury is not only related to injury characteristics, but also to factors such as war scale, combat style, combat area and weapon power. In recent years, there have been few comprehensive reports on the characteristics and field surgical treatment of craniocerebral war injury in China. Therefore, the authors reviewed the research progress in the characteristics and field surgical treatment of craniocerebral war injuries in foreign armies since 2001, with the aim to provide a reference for relevant basic researches and war injury treatment in China.
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Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis is an emerging infectious disease in China. Snails are intermediate hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and play a critical role in the transmission of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis. Detection of A. cantonensis in snails is an important part of epidemiological surveys. Currently, the rapid developments in the techniques for detection of A. cantonensis in snails facilitate the surveillance of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis and provide an important support for angiostrongyliasis cantonensis prevention and control. This review summarizes the advances in the techniques for detection of A. cantonensis in snails.
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Objective To explore the role of inositol requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE1α) mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress associated apoptotic molecules in hippocampal neuronal injury in rats with status epilepsy following lithium-pilocarpine.Methods All 96 Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group and status epilepsy (SE) group.The SE group was further divided into 5 subgroups (3,6,12,24,48 h) according to different time points.pmmunofluorescence was used to observe the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers glucose-regulating protein 78 kd (GRP78) and phosphoIRE1α (active form of endoplasmic reticulum resident protein IRE1α) at the CA3 area of rats in each group.Then,the expressions of IRElα mediated downstream apoptotie markers phospho-c-JunN-terminalkinase (JNK) and caspase12 were detected.Finally,TUNEL assay was used to observe neuronal apoptosis of hippocampal CA3 area at different time points after SE in rats.Results Immunofluorescence showed that GRP78 and phospho-IRE1α positive neurons were significantly increased in the SE subgroups compared with control group (6.90％ ± 0.96％,4.60％ ± 1.12％,respectively) and 12 h subgroup reached the peak (GRP78:87.45％ ±3.63％,F =356.82,P ＜0.05; phospho-IRE1α:86.90％ ±3.82％,F =300.80,P ＜ 0.05).Immunohistochemistry and Western blot demonstrated that the levels of phospho-JNK and caspase12 in the SE subgroups were significantly higher than that in the control group which reached the peak at 12 h after SE.The changes were in accord with phospho-IRE1α.Simultaneously,hippocampal neuronal apoptosis was detected in each SE subgroup and was most severe at 12 h after SE,which showed similar changes to the expressions of phospho-IRE1α,phospho-JNK and caspase12.Conclusions ERS was induced in rats following SE evidenced by increasing the expression of GRP78.IRE1α may promote hippocampal neuron apoptosis in rats following SE through activating JNK and caspase12.
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Objective To investigate alterations of balance function in patients with mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI),and the possibility of using posturography to differentiate aMCI,mild-moderate AD and normal subjects. Methods The balance function of 20 patients with mild-moderate AD and 20 patients with aMCI were evaluated by posturography,and 20 healthy subjects of the same age range were recruited as controls.Results All posturography measures were significantly altered in mild-moderate AD patients compared with normal controls,with limits of stability( ( 15 398 ± 926 ) mm2 vs ( 31 654 ± 2132 ) mm2 ),open-eyed Mean X ( ( 10. 2 ± 4. 1 ) mm vs (5.8 ± 1. 4)mm) ,Mean Y(( -29.8 ± 10.2)mm vs ( -14.9 ±4.4) mm),Max X((30.5 ±9.5)mm vs (18.3 ±4. 1)mm ),Max Y((42.7 ± 11.4)mm vs (23.3 ±6.8)mm),LSKG((528.4 ± 105.4)mm vs (390. 3 ± 68.4 ) mm ),SSKG ( ( 252. 5 ± 89. 7 ) mm2 vs ( 178.8 ± 40. 9 ) mm2 ),close-eyed Mean X ((13. 1 ±4. 5) mm vs (7.9 ± 1.5)mm) ,Mean Y (( -58.2 ± 16. 9) mm vs ( -25.6 ±5.4) mm) ,Max X ((37.7±10.5)mm vs (24.7 ±7.3) mm ),Max Y ((78.5±18.7)mm vs (39.9 ±9.9) mm),LSKG ((816.6±171.3) mm vs (533.5 ±97.4) mm),SSKG((649.0 ± 129.7) mm2 vs (290.5 ±73.3) mm2),respectively ( t = 8.57; open-eyed F = 17.41,38. 10,60. 46,102. 10,29. 31,27. 85; close-eyed F = 37.20,541.79,34. 51,185.56,122. 83,384. 27 ;all P ＜0. 05) ;limits of stability ( (23 921 ± 1637 )mm2 vs (31 654 ±2132 ) mm2 ) and mean Y ( Antero-posterior sway,( - 39. 8 ± 8. 6 ) mm vs ( - 25.6±5.4 ) mm) were the only parameters which discriminated between aMCI and normal controls,respectively ( t = 6. 50,P = 0. 038; t =- 15.34,P = 0. 012). Conclusions Impairment in balance is a feature not only of mild-moderate AD,but also of aMCI,and posturography may be used as a possible test in differentiating between normal subjects,patients with aMCI and patients with mild-moderate AD whose motor performance and balance features are otherwise clinically normal,limits of stability and mean Y are the most sensitive parameters.
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ObjectiveConstruction and identification of wild-type and mutant human o-synuclein (SNCA) gene lentiviral expression vector, and its stable transfection into the rat pheochromocytoma cells.MethodsThe genes were synthesized with particular primer, amplified by PCR and cloned into the lentiviral vector expression plasmid pGC-FU ( with green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene) to construct a lentiviral vector expression plasmid pGC-FU-SNCA-GFP and pGC-FU-SNCA-GFP.After digestion and sequencing,pGC-FU-SNCA-GFP,pGC-FU-SNCA-GFP plasmidandpackaging plasmidpHelper1. 0,pHelper2. 0 were co-transfected into rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells).A stable transfection was established in the PC12 cells. Results By detecting the level of tagged protein of GFP and the target protein, the pGC-FU-SNCA-GFP and pGC-FU-SNCA-GFP expression in target cells was verified. MTT assay was employed to detect cell apoptosis in lentiviral pGC-FU-SNCA-GFP transfected group, lentiviral pGC-FU-SNCAmu-GFP transfected group ( experimental groups), without virus group ( control group) and empty vector group( total four groups cells). After transfection, at different timepoints ( 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 d) the proliferation of cells was slowed ( the F value was 4. 534, 196. 285, 411. 829, 1282. 049, 3135. 559, all P ＜0.05). PI single staining was used to examine the cell cycle. The percentages of G1 phase, G2 phase,M phase cells were all statistically significant ( the F value was 885.79, 45.03,207.11 ,all P ＜0. 05). The percentage of G1 phase cells in the four groups cells increased significantly (CON group:59. 10 ±0. 35, NC group:68.24 ±0.60, OE group:71.73 ±0. 11, OE group:74.66 ±0.35). Conclusion This study constructs a foundation for further investigation on the basic function of SNCA and apoptosis related diseases.
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Objective To explore the effect of glucose regulated protein (GRP)78 on the neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Methods Middle cerebral artery ischemia reperfusion rat's models were used with the modified filament method. The expression of GRP78 in the ischemic penumbra tissue was detected by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry at different time points. Primary cultured rat's neurons were exposed to hypoxia and subsequently reoxygenation. Western blot was used to investigate the expression of GRP78. The changes of the neuronal apoptosis after overexpression of GRP78 induced by 2-deoxyglucose were detected. Results The expression of GRP78 in the ischemic penumbra tissue in model group was significantly increased (mRNA : 0.7367±0.0651, F= 477.160, P < 0.01 ; Protein : 0. 8129±0. 0748, F=39.857, P < 0.01). The neuronal survival status was increased after overpression of GRP78 (increased by 39.22% ± 0. 44%, t=46.374, P < 0.01) while the neuronal apoptosis was decreased (decreased by 16.60±1.02, t=7.530, P <0.01). Conclusion Focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion can induce endoplasmic reticulum stress which plays a role in the neuronal apoptosis. The increased expression of GRP78 may protect the ischemic tissue from neuronal apoptosis.
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<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Distress of Alzheimer's disease (AD) contribute significantly to decreased quality of life, increased morbidity, higher levels of caregiver distress, and the decision to institutionalise a patient. However, the risk factors of distress in AD patients have not been thoroughly discussed. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors of distress in AD patients.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>A large randomised controlled clinical trial on AD was analysed in this study. Both linear regression and decision tree models were used to identify the factors of distress in AD patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The following variables were recognised as risk factors for AD patient's distress: Care recipients often visit physicians or have medical examinations; Care recipients take medicines that affect the central nervous system or stomach; Care recipients seldom visit nurses; Caregivers have chronic disease or cancer; Caregiver experience distress, feel lonely, or have an unsatisfactory relationship with patients. In addition, caregiver's smoking and drinking were found to correlate negatively with AD patient's distress.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Multiple factors influence the distress of Alzheimer's patients, including patient's examination and medication, patient-caregiver relationships, caregiver's psychological and physical status, and the use of nursing services. These factors should be targeted when designing prevention and intervention strategies.</p>
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Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Alzheimer Disease , Psychology , Caregivers , Psychology , Cost of Illness , Decision Making , Decision Trees , Family Relations , Home Nursing , Psychology , Linear Models , Office Visits , Professional-Patient Relations , Quality of Life , Psychology , Risk Assessment , Methods , Risk Factors , Stress, Psychological , United StatesABSTRACT
The changes of glycogen synthase kinase-3(GSK-3)and protein phosphatase-2A(PP-2A),and the role of them in the regulation of the abnormally hyperphosphorylated some sites of tau in the cortex of diabetic rat were investigated.The diabetic rat model was induced by streptozotocin.The activities of GSK-3,PP-2A were measured by liquid scintillation for incorporated radioactivity in control,DM,DM + Li2CO3 groups.The level of hyperphosphorylated tau and the expression of 2PP-2A was measured respectively by Western blot.It is suggested that GSK-3 activity increases,PP-2A activity and expression decrease,and hyperphosphorylated tau be produced at Ser198/Ser199/Ser202 and Ser396/Ser404 in DM rats cortex.After the DM rat were treated with Li2CO3,the inhibition of GSK-3 activity and the improvement of PP-2A activity were found,and hyperphosphorylation of tau at Ser198/Ser199/Ser202 and Ser396/Ser404 were deduced.These studies firstly suggested that an increase of GSK-3 activity might inhibit PP-2A activity,and which produce hyperphosphorylated of tau at Ser198/Ser199/Ser202 and Ser396/Ser404 in DM rat cortex in common.
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A series of researches concerning the relationship between multidrug transporters and drug resistance in medically intractable epilepsy have been done. There is accumulating evidence demonstrating that P-glycoprotein (PGP) is a candidate to cause AEDs resistance. The effect of PGP inhibitor-verapamil on the intracellular AEDs accumulation in a MDR(multidrug resistant) K562 was investigated. The multidrug resistant (overexpression of PGP) cell line K562/Dox was established and the intracellular PHT and CBZ accumulation in multidrug resistant cell line and non- multidrug resistant cell line was observed. After PGP inhibitor-verapamil was applied to the two cell lines, the concentration change of PHT and CBZ in MDR cell was observed. The results were found: compared with non-MDR cell line K562, which IC50 was significantly increased in MDR cell line K562/Dox after PHT and CBZ was applied; verapamil could decrease significantly the level of IC50 in MDR cell line K562/Dox, and the reversal index were 2.5 and 1.5. The concentration of PHT and CBZ in MDR cell line K562/Dox was lower than that in non-MDR cell line K562, and verapamil significantly increased the concentration of PHT and CBZ in MDR cell line K562/Dox(P
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A migraine is a common essential headache in clinical practice. Studies in recent years have found that cortical spreading depression (CSD) may be one of the important mechanisms for the cause of migraine. This article reviews the relationship between SCD and neurobiological mechanism of migraine,particular expounding the significance in the gene mutations of familial hemiplegic migraine, CSD in migraine pathophysiological mechanisms and their prophylactic treatment.
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Objective To construct the nuclear receptor-related factor 1 ( Nurr1) specific short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) expressing vectors and study their effects on the expression of endogenous genes in MN9D dopaminergic cell lines. Methods Two RNAi recombinant plasmids (named pSC-N1 and pSC-N2) targeting at Nurrl gene were constructed. The purified plasmids were identified by DNA sequencing. After being transfected into MN9D dopaminergic cell lines with Lipofectamine?2000, the silencing effects of Nurrl shRNA expressing vectors on the expression of Nurrl mRNA and protein in MN9D cells were detected using real time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot Results DNA sequencing confirmed that the Nurrl shRNA expressing vectors were constructed successfully. Nurrl mRNA expression in MN9D cells was specifically suppressed after the transfection of pSC-Nl and pSC-N2 by 62.3% and 45.6% respectively. Moreover, the expression of Nurrl protein was significantly suppressed by 57.4% and 72. 0% respectively. The control vectors had no silencing effect Conclusions The vectors pSC-Nl and pSC-N2 have been successfully constructed and can specifically suppress the expression of Nurrl mRNA and protein. Nurrl specific shRNA expressing vector may provide a novel applicable strategy for the study of the function of the genes associated with Parkinson disease and the development of dopaminergic neuron.
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Objective To study the effect of P-glycoprotein (PGP) in regulation of penetration of carbamazepine and phenytoin through blood-brain barrier, as to indicating the entry of epileptic drugs into the brain restricted by PGP and deducing the multidrug resistance mechanisms of refractory epilepsy. Methods The microdialysis probe was placed into the cortex of rats, and after systemic injection of carbamazepine and phenytoin, dialysate was collected and the antiepiletic drug concentration in the extracellular fluid of the cerebral cortex was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then observing whether the concentration of drugs in extracellular fluid can be enhanced by PGP’s inhibitor verapamil. Results Verapamil significantly enhanced the concentration of carbamazepine in extracellular fluid of the cerebral cortex during 60—90 minutes after injection ((1.74?0.28)?g/ml in 60 minutes and (1.87?0.31)?g/ml in 90 minutes,P
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect the expressing levels of human tissue-plasminogen activator(t-PA) in AGZY83-a cells transfected with pcDNA3.1(+) t-PA in vivo and the feasibility of using transplantation of cells for gene therapy of thrombotic diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Expression vectors containing the t-PA cDNA gene were transfected into AGZY83-a cells. The transfected AGZY83-a cells were implanted into mice in different regions, and the plasma levels of human t-PA were assayed at intervals.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The plasma levels of human t-PA were significantly increased in mice after implantation of transfected AGZY83-a cells and were significantly higher than those of control groups implanted with untransfected AGZY83-a cells. This significant increase lasted at least 105 days. The intraperitoneal implantation group expressed the highest level of human t-PA, a little higher than that of the subcutis implantation group, while both are much higher than that of the quadriceps femoris implantation group which expressed the lowest.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The implanted transfected AGZY83-a cells are able to stably express high levels of human t-PA, and transplantation of cells transfected with pcDNA3.1(+) t-PA is a new promising method for gene therapy of thrombotic diseases.</p>
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Animals , Humans , Mice , Cell Line , Cell Transplantation , Methods , Gene Expression , Plasmids , Genetics , Time Factors , Tissue Plasminogen Activator , Blood , Genetics , Transfection , Transplantation, HeterologousABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the clinical features of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with neurological complications. Methods Five with neurological complications out of 31 patients with confirmed AIDS in Shanghai area from 1992 to 2001 were analyzed. Results Of the five cases, there were one complicated with vacuolar myelopathy, one vacuolar myelopathy accompanied with dementia, one cerebral tuberculoma accompanied with dementia, one cerebral infarction accompanied with symptomatic epilepsia and trigeminal neuralgia, one polyneuropathy. Two of the vacuolar myelopathy are those showing first occurring manifestations. Conclusion AIDS patients are found at high risk of neurological complications, of which vacuolar myelopathy and AIDS related dementia are more common. If young patients who suddenly suffered from dementia, especially in patients accompanied with opportunistic infections, AIDS should be considered. In these cases serum HIV antibodies should be checked.
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Objective To construct pcDNA3 1(+)GDNF recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid and to investigate its expression in eukaryotic cells. Methods The coding sequence of GDNF was amplified from rat astrocytes by reverse transcription PCR (RT PCR) and cloned into pcDNA3 1(+) eukaryotic expression vector The recombinant pcDNA3 1(+)GDNF plasmid was then transfected into eukaryotic cells mediated by using Fu Gene 6 method Analysis by restricting enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing were carried out to demonstrate the sequence of the plasmid GDNF protein and its activity were then determined using pcDNA3 1(+)GDNF plasmid transfected eukaryotic cells Results RT PCR product is 640 bp specific segment Analysis by restricting enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing of pcDNA3 1(+)GDNF recombinant showed results from restricting enzyme were 640 bp and 300 bp segments respectively DNA sequencing revealed that GDNF cloning was successful The recombinant plasmid can express active GDNF protein in eukaryotic cells Conclusion The study on the role of both GDNF and gene therapy is significant in the treatment of Parkinson disease
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Objective To investigate the effect of U0126 on brain edema and the expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in rat brains after cerebral ischemic injury.Methods Totally 48 healthy male SD rats were divided randomly into ischemia group, treatment group and normal group.Rats in ischemia group and treatment group underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion by using an intraluminal thread method.Thirty minutes before operation, the rats in treatment group were injected into lateral cerebral ventricle with U0126, while rats in ischemia group accepted normal saline.24 hours after operation, the water content and Evans Blue in rat brains were determined as to exploring the degree of brain edema.Immunohistochemistry,Western blot and RT-PCR technique were applied to detect AQP4, p-ERK1/2 and p-ELK1.Results Compared with normal group, the water content and AQP4 expression in ischemia group were increased obviously.The water content and AQP4 expression in treatment group (protein:149.0?1.1,mRNA:0.328?0.010) were lower than those in ischemia group (protein:153.6?0.8,mRNA:0.400?0.015,P
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Objective To study the influence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Methods Hemi-Parkinsonism rat model was established by stereotaxic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions in striatum in which nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was inhibited by L-Nitro-Arginine (L-NNA) and apomorphin-induced rotational behavior was measured. The immunohistochemical staining method was used to observe the change of striatal nNOS-positive neurons and nigral tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)-positive neurons. Results L-NNA dramatically protected 6-OHDA-injected rats against indices of severe injury to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, including decreases in numbers of TH-positive nigral neurons and rotational behavior. The nNOS-positive neurons showed no changes in numbers. Conclusions These results indicate that NO might mediate, in part, 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity and nNOS-positive neurons might resist the 6-OHDA neurotoxicity. NOS inhibitor may play a role in the protection of 6-OHDA neurons.
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Objective To investigate the reduction of amyloid beta peptide (A?) production induced by insulin in the cortex of diabetic rat. Methods 15 male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, diabetes group, and diabetes plus insulin group. The diabetic rats were induced by streptozotocin. The activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was measured by 32P liquid scintillography for incorporated radioactivity in control group, DM group, DM+insulin group, the production of A? was determined by sandwich ELISA in each group, and the expression of APP was determined by Western-blot. Results In control group, the activity of GSK-3 (1.04?0.11), the production of A? (A?_ 40 (40.92?5.34) pg/?l, A?_ 42 (29.64?3.19) pg/?l)and the levels of full-length APP(1.05?0.08) was low, but in DM group, the activity of GSK-3 (2.02?0.12) and the production of A?(A?_ 40 (67.53?11.69) pg/?l, A?_ 42 (45.02?4.10) pg/?l) increased (P
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Objective To investgate the role of aquaporin-4(AQP4) in secondary cerebral edema after ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.Methods When the models of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion were established, the alterations of cerebral edema and BBB were evaluated by measuring water and Eval's Blue (EB) contents of cerebral tissue, and the expression of AQP4 in brain was observed by Western Blot at different time point after reperfusion. At last, the correlation between expression of AQP4 and water and EB contents of cerebral tissue were analysed.Results There were found that water and EB contents of cerebral tissue in rat models significantly higher than those of control group at different time point after ischemia/reperfusion ( P
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Objective To evaluate the effect of bilateral subthalamic nuclei deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on anxiety and depression of patients with Parkinson's disease(PD).Methods Forty-one consecutive patients with refractory motor fluctuations and dyskinesia were assessed with Hoehn & Yahr scale, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Ⅲ (UPDRSⅢ), HADS, PD Questionnaire Chinese version (PDQ-39) a week before surgery and 12 months after the surgical procedure. Results The scores of UPDRSⅢ, HADS and PDQ-39 significantly increased after STN-DBS treatment (all P