ABSTRACT
The development and implement of microbial chassis cells can provide excellent cell factories for diverse industrial applications, which help achieve the goal of environmental protection and sustainable bioeconomy. The synthetic biology strategy of Design-Build-Test-Learn (DBTL) plays a crucial role on rational and/or semi-rational construction or modification of chassis cells to achieve the goals of "Building to Understand" and "Building for Applications". In this review, we briefly comment on the technical development of the DBTL cycle and the research progress of a few model microorganisms. We mainly focuse on non-model bacterial cell factories with potential industrial applications, which possess unique physiological and biochemical characteristics, capabilities of utilizing one-carbon compounds or of producing platform compounds efficiently. We also propose strategies for the efficient and effective construction and application of synthetic microbial cell factories securely in the synthetic biology era, which are to discover and integrate the advantages of model and non-model industrial microorganisms, to develop and deploy intelligent automated equipment for cost-effective high-throughput screening and characterization of chassis cells as well as big-data platforms for storing, retrieving, analyzing, simulating, integrating, and visualizing omics datasets at both molecular and phenotypic levels, so that we can build both high-quality digital cell models and optimized chassis cells to guide the rational design and construction of microbial cell factories for diverse industrial applications.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/genetics , Metabolic Engineering , Synthetic BiologyABSTRACT
Purpose To investigate the expression of androgen receptor ( AR) in molecular subtypes of breast cancer and its relation-ship with clinicopathological features. Methods The expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER-2, CK5/6, CK14 in breast cancer was detected by EnVision immunohistochemical staining, and they further be divided into 84 Luminal A subtypes, 27 Luminal B subtypes, 14 HER-2 overexpression subtypes, 11 Basal-like subtypes, and 17 Normal-like subtypes, respec-tively. The distribution of AR in 5 molecular subtypes and its relationship with clinicopathological factors, such as age, histopathologi-cal grading, tumor size, lymph node status and clinical staging, were analyzed. Results In 153 cases of breast cancer, the positive rates of AR expression were 73. 20%, Luminal A was the majority ( 62. 50%) in 5 molecular subtypes. In the HER-2 negative and positive breast cancer, the positive rates of AR expression were 75. 00% and 68. 29% and the difference between the two groups was no statistical significant (P=0. 196). Of the 153 breast cancers, 23 (15. 03%) were triple-negative breast cancers (ER-, PR- and HER-2-), 15 (9. 80%) breast cancers were negative for ER, PR and AR, 8(5. 23%) breast cancers were quadruple negative (ER-, PR-, AR- and HER-2 -) . There was significant difference of the expression of AR in ER/PR positive and negative breast cancer (P=0. 001),it was positively correlated with ER/PR protein expression (rs =0. 874, P=0. 024). The difference of AR ex-pression between histological grading was statistically significance ( P=0. 022 ) , the expression of AR was negatively correlated with histopathologic grading (rs = -0. 201, P=0. 013). The positive expression of AR was related to tumor size, but not correlated with lymph node metastasis ( P=0. 211 ) and clinical staging ( P=0. 065 ) . Conclusion The expression of AR in breast cancer tissues and its relationship with clinicopathological features may provide a basis for the further improvement molecular typing of breast cancer, and also provide the theoretical basis for clinical treatment and judging prognosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective To design an intramedullary nail that had the same ends and could be connected to hairline pointer and employ it to fixate mid-shaft clavicular fractures. Methods Sixty adult clavicles and five fresh adult cadaveric clavicles were employed to measure full length, angle between lateral and middle segments, angle between middle and medial segments as well as the narrowest outer and inner diameters of the clavicle. The interlocked intramedullary nail with the same structure of two ends was designed and used to fixate mid-shaft clavicular fractures. The nail was inserted in retrograde manner and locking screws could be inserted at beth ends. Results The full length, angle between lateral and middle segments, angle between middle and media] segments as well as the narrowest outer and inner diameters of the clavicle were (14.82 ± 1.15) cm, 30°, 30°, (1.00±0.16) cm and (0.50± 0. 18) cm respectively. After conversely placing guide pin from the fracture end, expanding medullary cavity and adjusting the nail, the designed nail was inserted into the medullary cavity from the distal or proximal ends of the clavicle, which was locked by interlocked screws. Conclusions Self-made nail takes advantages of less surgical invasion, visible fracture reduction and stable fracture fixation for treatment of mid-shaft clavicular fractures. While the biomechanieal properties of the nail need further investigation.
ABSTRACT
[Objective]To design an intramedullary nail for mid-shaft clavicular fractures based on the anatomic study of human clavicles.[Method]Sixty adult clavicles and 5 fresh cadaveric clavicles were used to survey data about full length,angle between lateral and middle segments,angle between middle and medial segments and the narrowest outer and inner diameter of clavicle.The designed interlocked intramedullary nail was used to fix mid-shaft clavicular fractures.[Result]The full length of clavicle was about(14.82?1.15) cm.The included angle between lateral and middle segment and included angle between middle and medial segment were all about 30?,the narrowest outer diameter of clavicle was about(1.00~0.16) cm,the narrowest inner diameter of clavicle was about(0.50~0.18) cm.After conversely placing guide pin from fracture end,expanding medullary cavity and adjusting the nail,the designed nail was inserted into the medullary cavity from the distal or proximal ends of clavicle,and the proximal and distal ends of the nail were locked by interlocked screws at last.[Conclusion]Treatment of mid-shaft clavicular fractures with the self-made nail has such advantages as less surgical invasion,visible fracture reduction and stable fracture fixation.The biomechanical properties of the nail will be further investigated.