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ObjectiveTo reveal the correlation of Rehmannia glutinosa-soil feedback process with the formation of its continuous cropping obstacles through the identification of the root exudates of R. glutinosa and analysis of the specific rhizomicrobes recruited by the root exudate. MethodThe root exudates of R. glutinosa seedlings germinated under sterilized condition and those enriched in the rhizosphere of R. glutinosa cultivated in the field were collected and analyzed using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）. The highly abundant compounds identified in the root exudates were added into blank soil， and the soil microbial community was profiled using Illumina Miseq sequencing. The bacterial and fungal functions were predicted by PICRUSt and FUNGuild， respectively. ResultThe identification results showed that seven phenylethanoid glycosides were found in R. glutinosa root exudates， and acteoside possessed the highest abundance. In the soil enriched with acteoside， the bacterial genera such as Agromyces， Pseudomonas， Lysobacter， Sphingobium， Pseudoxanthomonas and Sphingomonas were enriched. For the fungi， the genera Neocosmospora， Plectosphaerella and Dactylonectria， and the species such as Neocosmospora rubicola， Plectosphaerella cucumerina， Dactylonectria alcacerensis and Fusarium solani showed higher abundance. The functional analysis indicated the above-mentioned bacterial genera may realize rapid proliferation by utilizing， biodegrading and transforming phenylethanoid glycosides， and some potential fungal pathogens were colonized. ConclusionThe R. glutinsoa-soil feedbacks were likely generated by the phenylethanoid glycosides in the root exudates together with the specific rhizomicrobes. The investigations of R. glutinsoa-soil feedbacks under continuous cropping system are critical to the further understanding of the underlying mechanisms related to its continuous cropping obstacles.
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Objective:To observe the clinical effectiveness of manual therapy based on posture decoding for patients with lower crossed syndrome (LCS).Methods:Thirty-six LCS patients were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, each of 18. The observation group received manual therapy based on posture decoding, while the control group was treated with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), both in 20min sessions, once a week for 4 weeks. Before the experiment, after one, two and four weeks of treatment and followed-up 4 and 8 weeks later, both groups were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and finger-floor distance (FFD). Anterior pelvic tilt angles (ASIS-PSISs), sacral slopes (SS), lumbar curve index (LCI) and surface EMG flexion-relaxation ratios (FRRs) were also recorded from both groups before and after the treatment.Results:After one and four weeks of the treatment, the average VAS, ODI, and FFD had decreased significantly in both groups, with all significantly lower in the observation group, on average. At the final follow-up, the average VAS and ODI scores of both groups were significantly lower than before the treatment, with those of the observation group significantly lower than the control group′s averages. After 4 weeks of treatment significant differences were observed also in the group′s average ASIS-PSISs, SSs and LCIs compared with before the treatment. And right after the treatment the left and right surface electromyography FRRs of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group.Conclusion:Manual therapy based on posture decoding can significantly improve the pelvis forward angle and lumbar motion of LCS patients, relieving back pain and relaxing back muscles.
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Objective:To observe the clinical effect of spinal manipulation on chronic, non-specific neck pain.Methods:Thirty patients with chronic, nonspecific neck pain were divided randomly into an observation group ( n=15) and a control group ( n=15). Patients in the observation group were given 20 minutes of a novel 4R spinal manipulation (resetting joint malalignment, resetting abnormal muscle, resetting joint stabiliazation, resetting sensorimotor control) twice a week for 2 weeks while the control group were given 20 minutes of medium frequency and high frequency conventional physiotherapy 4 times a week, also for 2 weeks. Before the treatment, right after, and one and three months later, both groups were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a neck disability index (NDI). Right before and after the treatment, cervical flexion and extension range of motion (ROM) were measured. The surface electromyography was employed to record the root mean square (RMS) of the EMG amplitude and the median frequency (MF) from the erector spinae and upper trapezius. Results:Before the treatment no significant differences were found in any of the measurements between the two groups. Afterward and one and three months later the average VAS, NDI and cervical ROM results of both groups had improved significantly, with the improvements in the observation group significantly greater than those in the control group on average. After 2 weeks of treatment, the average RMS and MF values had improved in both groups, again with the observation group′s average values significantly better than those of the control group.Conclusion:Spinal manipulation can effectively improve the strength and stamina of cervical muscle groups in patients with chronic, non-specific neck pain.
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Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of hierarchical management for patients with bronchial asthma.Methods:One hundred and eighty seven patients with bronchial asthma were recruited from January 2018 to November 2019 in Daxing District People′s Hospital. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, 94 patients received disease management education and therapeutic guidance from doctors in the community hospital and district hospital (study group), and 93 patients were followed up in outpatient visits only (control group). After one year, the scores of inhalation technique, treatment adherence, disease management awareness, the Asthma Control Test (ACT), the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (MiniAQLQ) and pulmonary function were evaluated and compared between two groups. The annual acute attack times and time to first exacerbation were also compared between the two groups.Results:After one year of management the treatment adherence rate in study group was higher than that in control group [80.85% (76/94) vs. 51.61% (48/93), χ2=2.834, P=0.02]. The scores of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) inhalation technique [(6.47±1.28) vs. (4.05±1.37), t=2.241, P=0.04], the correct rates of exhaling before ICS inhalation [94.68% (89/94) vs.56.98% (53/93), χ2=4.436, P=0.01],inhalation [90.43%(85/94) vs.68.82% (64/93),χ2=2.943, P=0.04],holding breath after inhalation [89.36% (84/94) vs.58.06% (54/93),χ2=4.098, P=0.02],rinsing mouth after ICS inhalation [92.55%(87/94) vs.65.59%(61/93),χ2=2.876, P=0.04] in study group were higher than those in control group. The awareness rates of chronic inflammatory airway disease [70.21%(66/94) vs.44.08% (41/93),χ2=2.673, P=0.02], causative factors [85.10% (80/94) vs. 56.99% (53/93),χ2=2.760, P=0.02],treatment misunderstanding [88.29%(83/94) vs.53.76%(50/93),χ2=4.874, P<0.01], therapeutic goal [86.17% (81/94) vs. 49.46% (46/93),χ2=4.491, P<0.01] and requiring long-term treatment [90.43% (85/94) vs.48.38% (45/93),χ2=4.503, P<0.01] in study group were higher than those in control group. The scores of ACT [(22.71±2.81) vs. (19.50±5.34), t=2.041, P=0.04] and miniAQLQ [(84.28±11.16) vs. (64.23±14.38), t=3.298, P<0.01] in study group were higher than those in control group. The number of annual acute exacerbation was less [0(0, 1) vs.2(1, 3), Z=-3.237, P<0.01] and the time to first exacerbation was longer [184(96, 284)d vs. 96(59, 177)d, Z=3.873, P<0.01] in study group than those in the control group after one year of management. Conclusion:The hierarchical management can effectively enhance the inhalation technique and treatment adherence of the patients with bronchial asthma, and improve the quality of life of patients.
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Objective:To investigate the value of atropine administration before tracheal intubation under general anesthesia in the elderly patients undergoing endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration(EBUS-TBNA)biopsy.Methods:This was a case-control study.A total of 87 elderly hospitalized patients receiving chest enhanced CT test suggesting the risk of lung cancer with enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes in 7 regions were scheduled to undergo endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration(EBUS-TBNA)biopsy under general anesthesia.The patients were randomly divided into two groups by flipping a coin: the atropine group(n=40)and the control group(n=47). The indicators for evaluating the application values of atropine included preoperative, intra-operative and postoperative systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), heart rate, oropharyngeal and airway secretion volume, oxygen saturation, operation time, positive diagnosis rate and postoperative adverse reactions.Results:SBP and DBP were lower in the atropine group than in the control group before endotracheal intubation(131.7±15.3 mmHg vs.140.7±13.7 mmHg, 79.1±7.6 mmHg vs.85.6±7.4 mmHg, t=2.885 and 4.061, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in SBP and DBP 10 min after endoscopic operation and 10 min after tracheal extubation between the atropine group versus the control group(SBP: 109.1±11.2 mmHg vs.105.0±12.2 mmHg, 136.9±23.0 mmHg vs.129.9±11.2 mmHg, DBP: 66.9±7.5 mmHg vs.68.0±8.3 mmHg, 77.6±10.9 mmHg vs.78.5±6.4 mmHg, t=-1.617, 0.687, -1.751 and 0.448, P>0.05). There was no significant difference in HR between the two groups before endotracheal intubation( t=1.416, P>0.05), while HR was higher in the atropine group than in the control group 10 min after endoscopic operation and 10 min after tracheal extubation( t=-3.323 and -2.181, P<0.01 and P<0.05). The change rates of SBP and DBP were lower in the atropine group than in the control group 10 min after endoscopic operation and 10 min after tracheal extubation( t=7.947, -6.962, -3.187 and -3.232, P<0.01). The change rate of HR was lower in the atropine group 10 min after endoscopic operation and was higher 10 min after tracheal extubation than in the control group( t=-6.467 and -4.131, P<0.01). There were significant differences in the volume of oropharyngeal and airway secretions and fingertip oxygen saturation between the two groups before endotracheal intubation and 10 min after tracheal extubation( t=-2.334, 2.759, -3.314 and -2.767, P<0.01). The endoscopic operation time was less in the atropine group than in the control group with no statistically significant difference[(25.9±5.7)min vs.(26.4±4.7)min, t=0.391, P>0.05]. There was no significant difference in postoperative adverse reactions between the atropine group versus the control group(34 patients or 85.0% vs.43 patients or 91.5%, χ2=1.247, P>0.05). Conclusions:The application of atropine before tracheal intubation under general anesthesia is beneficial to stabilizing the intraoperative blood pressure and heart rate, and can reduce the production of postoperative oropharyngeal and airway secretions in elderly patients undergoing endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy.
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Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of strengthening management in the bronchial asthma control among community patients.Methods:One hundred and eighteen community patients with bronchial asthma were recruited from January 2017 to January 2018. The patients were divided into community strengthening management group ( n=60) and control group ( n=58), the annual times of acute attack, time to first exacerbation and annual medical expenses were compared between the two groups. The proportion of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) administration was documented; the Asthma Control Test (ACT), the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (MiniAQLQ), Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ), Fractional exhaled nitric oxide(FeNO) and pulmonary function were evaluated in two groups. Results:The management group had greater improvements in the proportion of ICS administration [45(75.0%) vs.36(62.1%), χ 2=4.143], ACT [(20.7±3.9) vs.(18.1±4.1), t=3.213], LCQ [(13.5±5.3) vs.(10.8±3.0), t=2.603], FeNO [(29.8±12.8) vs. (37.1±11.1), t=2.018] than the control group after six months of management (all P<0.05). There were significantly greater improvements in proportion of ICS treating [50(83.3%) vs. 34(58.6%), χ 2=5.748], ACT [(22.1±2.8) vs. (19.5±2.3), t=2.241], LCQ [(16.5±4.2) vs. (11.6±3.2),=5.603], miniAQLQ [(83.2±11.1) vs.(68.1±13.3), t=3.186] and FeNO [(28.2±13.1) vs.(38.1±16.3), t=2.176] in management group than those in control group after one year of management (all P<0.05); but no differences were seen in FEV 1%, FVC%, FEV 1/FVC (all P>0.05) between two groups. The LCQ score [(16.5±4.2) vs. (13.5±5.3), t=3.186] and the MiniAQLQ score [(83.2±11.1) vs. (69.1±14.3), t=5.603] of the management group were significantly improved after 1 year of management than those after 6 months. There was significant improvement in time to first exacerbation [182(92, 284) vs. 92(58, 176), Z=4.384] and the annual exacerbation was significantly reduced [0(0, 1) vs. 2(1, 3), Z=-3.187], annual medical costs of management group were significantly lower than those of control group [(10 523.0±550.5)Yuan vs. (15 787.1±1 421.2)Yuan, t=2.653]. Conclusion:The strengthening management can effectively improve the control rate of bronchial asthma, reduce acute exacerbation, improve clinical symptoms and improve the quality of life in community patients with bronchial asthma.
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Objective To observe the effect of injecting botulinum toxin type A ( BTX-A) into the tibialis anterior muscle on spasm and the walking function of stroke survivors with spastic foot drop and strephenopodia. Methods Fifty-six stroke survivors with spastic foot drop and strephenopodia were randomly divided into a tibialis anterior injection group ( Group TA) and a conventional injection group ( Group CG) , each of 28. Both groups had 50 U of BTX-A injected into the medial-lateral heads of the affected gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, and 35 U in-jected into each of two sites in the tibialis posterior. Group TA was additionally injected with 30 U in the tibialis ante-rior. Before the injection, as well as 2, 4 and 12 weeks afterward, both groups were evaluated using the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) for the plantar flexors and varus muscle groups, a 10-minute walking test (10 m-WT), a simple Fugl-Meyer assessment ( FMA) of the lower limb and a timed up and go test ( TUG) . Results Before the injection, there were no statistically significant differences in the average MAS, 10 m-WT, FMA or TUG results be-tween the two groups. After 2 weeks, however, the average MAS score of both groups had decreased significantly, and that improvement was maintained at 4 and 12 weeks after the injection. Moreover, 2, 4 and 12 weeks after the injec-tion, significant differences in the average MAS score were observed between the two groups. The average 10m-WT re-sults, FMA scores and TUG times of both groups also improved significantly, but there were significant differences between the two groups′10m-WT times and FMA scores after 2 and 4 weeks. Conclusions Injecting a small dose of BTX-A into the tibialis anterior can further relieve spasm in the tibialis anterior muscle and improve the walking a-bility of stroke survivors with spastic foot drop and strephenopodia.
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Objective@#To analyze the changing trends in etiologies of hospitalized patients with liver disease and provide clinical basis for the formulation of medical policy.@*Methods@#Patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Infectious Diseases from 2006 to 2014 were selected as the research subjects. Data of patients with liver diseases were retrospectively analyzed to determine the proportion of main causes of infection, the proportion of different viral infections in viral hepatitis, and the changing trends in proportion of hepatitis B in different age groups. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis.@*Results@#During 9 consecutive years, the overall proportion of inpatients with liver disease decreased continuously, but the number of patients increased. The top five etiologies of liver diseases were viral hepatitis, drug-induced liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The proportion of viral hepatitis decreased gradually, and the proportion of drug-induced liver disease and autoimmune liver disease increased markedly. Among viral hepatitis patients, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and hepatitis E were in the top three, with hepatitis B stabilized at around 70%, and the proportion of hepatitis C showed an upward trend. The hospitalization time of hepatitis B patients was gradually shortened, the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 205.31, P < 0.001), and the hepatitis B patients were mainly distributed in age groups 31-40, 41-50, and 51-60, the total proportion was above 60%. The difference between the different years of the same age group was not evident, but the proportion of hepatitis B patients decreased gradually in the 14-23 –year- old age group, the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 19.51, P = 0.01).@*Conclusion@#Liver disease still holds a principal position in the distribution of infectious diseases, and especially the cause of non-infectious liver disease require sufficient attention and concern. The use of hepatitis B vaccine has effectively diminished the infection rate, but the prevention and control of chronic hepatitis B infection is still facing challenges.
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Objective To investigate the clinical features of patients with bronchiectasis of different types.Methods One hundred and twenty two patients with bronchiectasis at stable stage were recruited from January 2014 to July 2015.The patients were typed as cystic bronchiectasis (n =45) or non-cystic bronchiectasis (n =77) by high resolution CT (HRCT),expectoration bronchiectasis (n =80) or dry brochiectasis (n =42) by clinical symptoms,bacterial colonization (n =42) or non-bacterial colonization (n =80) by sputum culture.The modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale,Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ),St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and pulmonary function test were used to assess the clinical features,and the episodes of exacerbations and hospitalization,and mortality during 1-year follow-up were documented.Results mMRC dyspnea scale (1.90 ± 0.94 vs.2.90±1.09,t=-5.040),LCQ (16.20±4.60 vs.11.20±2.20,t=8.114),SGRQ (36.80±13.10 vs.52.06±22.10,t=-4.780),FEV1％ pred (68.45 ±26.50 vs.52.22 ±20.60,t=3.458),FVC％ pred (72.20 ±26.32 vs.63.10 ±21.42,t =2.058),FEV1/FVC (75.14 ±20.52 vs.58.12 ± 19.82,t =4.546),diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (76.24 ± 28.40 vs.54.32 ± 21.20,t =4.400),episodes of exacerbations (Z =-8.272) and hospitalization during 1-year follow-up [6(14.29％) vs.29(36.25％),x2 =6.495] in patients with dry bronchiectasis were significantly better than those in patients with expectoration bronchiectasis (all P ＜ 0.05).mMRC dyspnea scale (3.20 ± 2.10vs.2.10±1.40,t=3.131),LCQ (10.12±2.63vs.16.22 ±3.22,t=11.365),SGRQ (54.80± 18.12 vs.34.06 ± 12.10,t =6.839) and FEV1％ pred (46.52 ± 22.55 vs.58.22 ± 24.62,t=-2.611),FVC％ pred (60.24± 18.22 vs.70.10±24.20,t =-2.547),FEV1/FVC (62.54± 19.02vs.73.12 ±18.42,t=-3.025),DLCO (62.24 ±22.40 vs.74.52 ±26.26,t=-2.627),episodes of exacerbations (Z =10.213) and hospitalizations during 1-year follow-up [21 (46.67 ％) vs.14 (18.18％),x2 =1 1.260] in patients with cystic bronchiectasis were significantly more severe than those in patients with non-cystic bronchiectasis (all P ＜ 0.05).mMRC dyspnea scale (2.38 ± 1.45 vs.1.92 ± 1.14,t =2.175),LCQ (12.82 ±2.12 vs.16.20 ±3.96,t =-6.140),SGRQ (54.22±21.50 vs.41.20 ± 14.60,t =3.521) and FEV1 ％ pred (54.20 ± 21.60 vs.66.45 ± 28.24,t =-2.668),FVC％ pred (63.10 ±24.32 vs.73.46 ±25.30,t =-2.177),FEV1/FVC (62.22 ±20.80 vs.72.14 ±24.36,t =-2.243),DLCO (58.52 ± 20.42 vs.69.22 ± 25.60,t =-2.344),episodes of exacerbation (Z =19.352) and hospitalization during 1-year follow-up [19 (45.24％) vs.16 (20.00％),x2 =8.575] in patients with bacterial colonization bronchiectasis were significantly more severe than those in patients with non-bacterial colonization bronchiectasis (all P ＜ 0.05).However,there was no significant difference in mortality during 1-year follow-up (all P ＞ 0.05) among patients with different types of bronchiectasis.Conclusion Patients with cystic,bacterial colonization and expectoration types of bronchiectasis seem to have more severe symptoms,more episodes of exacerbations and hospitalizations than those of non-cystic,non-bacteria colonization and dry types of bronchiectasis.
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Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death in women suffering from cancer,with a high mortality rate in gyneco?logical cancer. Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP)inhibitors cause targeted tumor cell death in homologous recombination(HR)-deficient cancers,including breast cancer susceptibility gene(BRCA)tumors,and the mechanism is calledsynthetic lethality. At present,there are three PARP inhibitors approved by FDA for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer with BRCA-mutation. This pa?per reviews the role of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of ovarian cancer in clinical trial,elaborates the therapeutic mechanism of PARP inhibitors,and lights the way for the development of anti-ovarian cancer drugs.
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Objective To observe the pathological change of visceral pleura in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to discuss the relationship between the changes and COPD airflow limitation. Methods A total of 70 patients received the pulmonary lobectomy or partial resection because of lung tumor in Tianjin Chest Hospital from May 2014 to August 2015 were selected in this study. According to the results of pulmonary function test, the patients were divided into COPD group [forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/ forced vital capacity (FVC) 0.05). The visceral pleural thickness and the proportion of elastic fibers in visceral pleural were significantly thinner in COPD group than those of control group ( P0.05). Conclusion The thinner visceral pleural and the reduction of elastic fibers in visceral pleural are one of the causes of expiratory airflow limitation in COPD patients.
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Chemical warfare agents and chemical terrorism agents have been identified as one of the major threats to human survival and national security currently. The key to dealing with these threats is the effective medical countermeasures of which specific antidotes take center stage. In the past decade,real or potential chemical threats which has sparked regional conflicts,terrorist activities or chemical accidents intentionally or unintentionally have increased the investment in antidotes research and development worldwide. Here,we introduced the research status on medical countermeasures against chemical threat by giving an overview of the United States ″Countermeasures Against Chemi?cal Threats(CounterACT)Program″,and then the recent research progress in antidotes against nerve agents,sulfur mustard and cyanide toxicities were reviewed.
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Network construction technology is the basis for network pharmacology research. Data originated from experiment, database and computational prediction can be used to construct drugome network,diseaseome network and molecular interactome net?work. The molecular network construction for the complex diseases represented by Alzheimer′s disease(AD)could be used to identify the important targets,pathogenesis and drug action mechanism,and guide drug development and drug reposition. This paper reviews techniques for molecular network construction in network pharmacology study.
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The seminar on novel ideas and methods in pharmacological researches,and new drug research and development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),organized by the Professional Committee of Pharmacology on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Chinese Pharmacology Society,was held in Tengzhou,Shandong Province,on August 5,2016. Professor ZHANG Yong-xiang,chair of the committee,presided over the seminar. Professor LIU Jian-xun and LI Lin delivered keynote speeches. More than 30 members of the committee from all over the country attended the seminar. The participants had a broad and in-depth discussion on issues concerning phar?macological researches and new drug research and development of TCM. The ideas and proposals by some committee members were summarized,hoping to provide reference in the pharmacological researches and new drug research and development of TCM.
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Objective To evaluate the positive rate, reliability and safety of thoracoscope pleural brushing for diagnosing malignant pleural effusion. Methods Seventy patients with unexplained pleural effusion were performed with medical thoracoscopy:(1) Observe the visceral and parietal pleura then use disposable cell brush to obtain specimens from suspect areas and take cytological examination. (2) Observe the parietal pleura then use biopsy forceps to forceps specimens from suspect areas and take histological examination. (3) Compare the positive rate of diagnosis, coincidence rate of pathological type and complication between two methods individual and combination in diagnosis. Results In 51 patients diagnosed as malignant pleural effusion, the diagnosis-positive rate of biopsy was 88.24%(45/51) and the diagnosis-positive rate of pleural brushing cytology was 90.20%(46/51). The diagnosis-positive rate of pleural brushing combined with biopsy was 96.08%(49/51), but there was no significant difference in diagnosis-positive rate between two methods individual and combination for malignant pleural effusion (P>0.05). In 51 patients, pathological type determination rate was 76.47%(39/51) evaluated by pleural brushing, 88.24% (45/51) by biopsy, and there was no significant difference in pathological type determination rate between two methods (P>0.05). Biopsy was performed for 168 times, more bleeding was found in 5 cases (2.98%), feeling pain in 134 cases (79.76%). Pleural brushing examination was performed for 198 times, no significant bleeding and pain were found. Conclusion Medical thoracoscopic pleural brushing under direct vision is a safe and reliable method, which can be use as an effective diagnostic method for malignant pleural effusion.
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Objective To compare the effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A ( BTXA) and ethyl alcohol ( EA) in treating lower extremity spasticity after stroke. Methods This was a randomized, case-control study. A to-tal of 92 eligible stroke survivors completed the study. They were randomly divided into a BTXA group of 48 and an EA group of 44 according to a random number table. The gastrocnemius, soleus and posterior tibial muscles of the af-fected limb were chosen as injection sites. The BTXA group was injected with 50 to 200 IU of BTXA ( at 50 U/ml) at one to four sites in each muscle, with a total injection dose of less than 600 U. The EA group was injected with less than 10 ml of 50% EA (0.1 to 0.5 ml at each site). Before and 2, 4 and 12 weeks after the injection, both groups were evaluated using the modified Ashworth scale (MAS), a 3 m timed up and go test (TUG), a timed 10 meter walk ( 10m-WT) and each was asked to assess their pain level using a visual analogue scale ( VAS) . Any adverse re-actions were also observed. Results Two weeks after the injection, the average MAS score of both groups had im-proved significantly compared to that before the injection. The average improvement in the BTXA group was signifi-cantly less than in the EA group. No significant differences were found in other measurements. After four weeks the average MAS score of the BTXA group was still significantly different from that before injection or from 2 weeks previ-ously, but the EA group now showed no significant difference from before the injection. The average TUG, 10m-WT and VAS scores of both groups had improved significantly compared to those of the earlier time points. Twelve weeks after the injection, the average MAS, TUG, 10m-WT and VAS scores of the BTXA were still significantly improved compared to before the injection, but in the EA group only the average score VAS reading was significantly improved. There were then significant differences between the two groups in all of the measurements. Conclusions Both BTXA and EA can relieve muscle spasticity. Both take effect within 2 weeks, but the former has fewer side effects than the latter and a longer duration of therapeutic effect.
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Objective To establish an ion-pair reverse-phased high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC)method for simultaneous determination of ATP,ADP and AMP in the hippocampus of mice. Methods The protein of mouse hippocampus was precipitated with perchloric acid,and neutralized with potassium carbonate-methanol mixture. Mobile phase was as follows:50 mmol/L phosphate buffer(buffer for K2HPO4-KH2PO4,pH 6.60,containing 22%methanol,and 4 mmol/L tetrabutylammonium bisul?fate). Shimadzu HPLC system and Agilent C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)filled with the same material pre-column(12.5 mm× 4.6 mm,5μm)were used. The contents of ATP,ADP and AMP in mouse hippocampus were analyzed at a wavelength of 254 nm,the flow rate of 0.6 ml/min and room column temperature. Results Stability tests showed that intra-day and inter-day precision of the method were 1.27%-3.42%and 0.88%-3.52%,respectively,and recovery rates were 95.67%-104.05%. Conclusion The HPLC method established in this study is simple,accurate and efficient in detecting the levels of ATP,ADP,and AMP in mice hippocampus.
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The technology of network analysis,based on a variety of disciplines theory,is the core technology in the research of network pharmacology,through which we can mine specified information from molecular networks from multi-angle and multi-level. It has been used to investigate and obtain valuable information about the ingredients/drugs with specific pharmacological effects ,the key nodes,modules and motifs with specific biological function,and physiological mechanism of drug action,pathogenesis of dis?ease,or biomarker of disease,especially for the complex disease represented by Alzheimer′s disease(AD). In this paper,the general techniques of network analysis in network pharmacology study are reviewed.
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Objective To explore the optimal proteolysis condition for the new technology of target discovery ,drug affinity responsive target stability(DARTS). Methods First,in order to determine the suitable pronase concentration range for DARTS,the extraction of human acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells(Jurkat)were digested with a range of pronase concentrations(the mass ratio of pronase to protein was 1∶100 to 1∶10000)at room temperature and detected by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie brilliant blue stain?ing. On this basis,in order to obtain the optimal proteolysis condition,we performed DARTS onα-ketoglutarate in combination with SDS-PAGE and gel staining,and observed the effect of different concentrations of pronase(1∶500-1∶5000)and different proteolysis time(5-30 min)on DARTS. The feasibility of the optimum condition was verified by using it on a target known small molecule ,myco?phenolic acid. Results When the protein extraction of Jurkat was hydrolyzed by a range of pronase concentrations,it was entirely hy?drolysed by pronase 1∶100 while showing no significant effect under the condition of pronase 1∶10000. The effect of pronase 1∶500 to 1∶5000 on protein mixture was milder. And approximately 30%-60%of the protein was digested. The protein bands which were protected byα-ketoglutarate could be observed apparently under the conditon of pronase 1∶1000 when the proteolysis time was about 15 min. Then we performed DARTS on mycophenolic acid utilizing this condition(pronase 1∶1000,hydrolysed for 15 min)and obtained sev?eral visible protected protein bands between(4-7)×104. Western blotting results showed that the target protein of mycophenolic acid , IMPDH1,was contained in the protected protein bands. Conclusion The optimal proteolysis condition for DARTS on protein mix?ture throughα-ketoglutarate is obtained.
ABSTRACT
Alzheimer′s disease(AD)is a degenerative metabolic disease,whose exact pathological mechanism still remains unknown. Currently,studies have found that patients in AD accompany with insulin signaling pathway impairment and cerebral glu?cose metabolism dysfunction. As insulin signaling pathway and cerebral glucose metabolism homeostasis play a key role in AD ,some researches consider AD as“typeⅢdiabetes”. This review aims to discuss the alteration of cerebral insulin signaling pathway and glu?cose metabolism in AD,as well as their relationship with AD. We will also elaborate the advance in anti-AD drugs based on cerebral insulin signaling pathway.