Health Inequity among Waged Workers by Employment Status / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the differences in employment status and self assessed health in Korea. METHODS: We analyzed 4 year follow-up data generated by the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS), which was conducted on 1,207 men and 582 women who had undergone a change in employment status. The study subjects were placed into 1 of the following 4 groups based on their employment history; Non-precarious workers, Precarious to non-precarious workers, Non-precarious to precarious workers and Precarious workers. Logistic regression was then used to examine the relationship between the changes in employment status and self assessed health. RESULTS: When males were considered, self assessed health was better among the precarious to non-precarious workers (OR 1.58, 95% CI=1.57-1.60) and the precarious workers (OR 1.29, 95% CI=1.28-1.30) than in the non-precarious workers, after adjusting for age, socioeconomic status (education level, occupational class, marital status, average equivalent household income and average number of hours worked per week), health behavior (smoking, drinking and exercise) and medical service access (regular medical examination, have chronic disease or hospitalized within 1 year). When female workers were considered, the precarious to non-precarious workers (OR 1.89, 95% CI=1.86-1.92), non-precarious to precarious workers(OR 1.24, 95% CI=1.23-1.26) and precarious workers (OR 1.27, 95% CI=1.25-1.28) all reported poorer health than the non-precarious workers after adjusting for the aforementioned factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that changes in employment status were associated with differences in self assessed health among men and women. Specifically, the results of this study showed that a corresponding positive outcome based on self assessed health was greater for employees that changed from precarious to non-precarious jobs and for male employees with precarious jobs, whereas female employees with non-precarious jobs had higher self assessed health. However, additional longitudinal studies on the health effects of employment status should be conducted.

The Relationship between Tumor Stage and the Expression of Multiple Drug Resistance, Neovascularization and Tumor Proliferative Activity in Breast Cancer / 한국유방암학회지

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is supposed that its biological behavior should be changed in some relationship with the advancement of tumor. P-glycoprotein is the well-known nuclear protein which shows multiple drug resistance, and its expression means the resistance to various chemotherapeutic agents including anthracyclines. Angiogenesis was also suggested to have an important role in tumor progression and metastasis, which has been considered to be one of valuable independent prognostic factors. Tumor proliferative activity also has been thought to be very useful as a factor representing the biological behavior of tumor, but its role isn't fully understood yet. In this study we aimed to observe how these factors are expressed with any relationship according to the tumor stage and to find the feature of its expression in each stage and its clinicopathologic significances. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 62 cases of patients histologically proven into invasive ductal carcinoma, who were diagnosed and treated at the Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, were selected. In order to estimate the staining results accurately, we classified the expression grades of Pgp into 5 classes according to the count of immunostained cells after immunohistochemical staining. Angiogensis was determined by the mean count of microvessels measured by image analyzer moving more than 40 fields with 200 folds magnification after immunohistochemical staining for CD34. Tumor proloferative activity were presented in percentage by counting the positively immunostained cells in more than 500 tumor cells after immunohistochemical staining with Ki67. Statistical evaluation was done by Mann-Whitney test and we determined that the result showing p-value less than 0.05 is statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean that age was 49 year(from 33years to 82years) and the stage distribution was stage I: 4 patients, stage II a : 25, stage II b : 18, stage III a : 7, stage III b : 3, and stage IV : 5 patients. In spite of Pgp expression tended to increase as the stage advanced, it did not show any ststistically significant difference(P=0.165). Although Ki67 score representing tumor proliferation activity was observed from 0% to 30.8%, any significant differences according advancement of stage were not found(P=0.850). Tumoric angiogenesis also did not show any statistical difference according to advancement of stage(p=0.189). CONCLUSIONS: We could not find any significant proportional correlationship between the tumor stage and Pgp expression, tumor proliferative activity, and angiogenesis. Therefore, the clinicopathologic significances of these factors are supposed to determined an individual biological feature of the tumor irrespective of stage.