ABSTRACT
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mortality by age, sex, and cause of death is the foundation of public health both globally and domestically. Comparable mortality statistics over time and investigations of mortality were used to develop the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). In the ICD, the WHO states that morbidity statistics are also an essential foundation of public health, but they are much less widely applied. The 10th revision of the ICD (ICD-10) is now in use, but further revisions must be made in the development of the 11th revision (ICD-11) to capture advances in health science and medical practice, to make better use of the digital revolution, and to evaluate traditional medicine (TM). Revision of ICD-10 began in 2007, and an ICD-11 version for preparing implementation was released on July 18, 2018. ICD-11 features a new TM chapter on Japanese traditional medicine, known as Kampo medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and Korean medicine. ICD-11 will be approved at the next World Health Assembly in May 2019 and will come into effect. This means that the WHO does not currently recognize the effects of TM, but that we as well as the WHO will have hard time to prepare and study the effects of TM on morbidity statistics. It is very important to the study of Kampo medicine that we will be able to properly evaluate the terms and classifications contained in ICD-11.
ABSTRACT
Here we present research on the <i>Koteimeidokyukyo Fushinshosho </i>texts, as part of a study on acupuncture points in the Azuchi-Momoyama Era. The volume of texts is a collection of question and answer letters on acupuncture points between MANASE Dosan and his disciple HATA Soha. The material is significant in understanding the specifics of how acupuncture point study germinated, and then flourished in the Edo Era afterwards.<br>MANASE Dosan investigated acupuncture points through his bed side practice, and his masters' teachings which referred him to volumes on the art. His research was based on the <i>Huangdimingtangjiujing </i>and <i>Tongrenshuxuezhenjiutujing </i>at first, then mainly on the <i>Shisijingfahui</i>. HATA Soha compared these diverse theories on acupuncture points and presented his master Dosan several questions.<br>Thus here, we take a look at the <i>Koteimeidokyukyo Fushinshosho </i>to elucidate acupuncture point study specifics in the Azuchi-Momoyama Era, which hitherto have remained outside our scope of historical research.
ABSTRACT
[Introduction] In 2006 the WHO and WPRO agreed on standard acupuncture point locations. To promotepagate these standards, in 2009 the Second Japan Acupuncture Standardization Committee published a Japanese edition of 'WHO STANDARD ACUPUNCTURE POINT LOCATIONS FOR THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION.' Based on this Japanese edition, a new textbook was published by the Japan Association of Massage & Acupuncture Teachers and the Japan College Association of Oriental Medicine. Since one year has passed since the start of education based on standard acupuncture point locations at Japanese universities, colleges, vocational schools and training centers for anma (Japanese traditional massage), massage, and shiatsu (acupressure); acupuncture; and moxibustion therapies, we administered a questionnaire survey as an evaluation of international standardization and the problems of introducing standard acupuncture point locations .<BR>[Subjects and methods] Subjects were mainly teachers and included a small number of researchers, clinicians, and other groups concerned with acupuncture and moxibustion. We used a questionnaire that we originally created at the Second Meeting of the Japan Standardization of Acupuncture Point Locations Committee.<BR>[Results] Among the 180 institutions surveyed, we obtained answers from 149 people from 93 institutions in total. Agreement on the question of standard acupuncture points, "functional existence" (44.3%) was most common, and "anatomical existence" came next at 26.6%. For the question on acupuncture treatment, 82.4% replied with "use ofboth acupuncture points and reaction points." For the answers to agreeing with international standardization, "no opinion" was 41.7% and 51.7% for "appreciate." However, both of those groups appreciated globalization of acupuncture and moxibustion by a common language. There were many opinions on proportional bone measurement. Specifically, opinions indicated a change "from the cubital crease to the wrist crease" (from 10B-cun to 12B-cun) and a need for proportional bone measurement of the upper arm. Whereas, for individual acupuncture points, opinions expressed the difficulty of locating application points and not understanding reasons for change and notations including body surface segments.<BR>[Discussion] We were able to classify the opinions collected into the following groups: (1) problems that can be corrected immediately, including typographic errors, (2) problems that need to be reviewed at the next international gathering, and (3)problems that need to be understood by making full use of related documents.<BR>[Conclusion] We were able to determine primarily for a wide range of teachers, problems understanding individual acupuncture point locations, including consideration of acupuncture points, evaluation of standardization of acupuncture point locations, and other guidelines