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Objective:To investigate the epidemiology, evolution and transmission characteristics of HIV-1 CRF07_BC in Nanjing between 2015 and 2019 to provide scientific basis for precise prevention and control of HIV-1 transmission.Methods:Pol gene sequences of 319 patients with HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection in Nanjing were amplified and sequenced and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was then constructed. Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling method was used to generate Maximum Clade Credibility Tree. Bayesian Skyline Plot was used to reconstruct the changing trend of the effective population size. Pairwise gene distance method was used to construct molecular network to investigate the transmission features. Results:Among the 319 patients, 303 (95.0%) were male; 264 (82.8%) had multiple sexual partners; only 14 (4.4%) had been using condoms. Most of the infections were occurred in men who have sex with men (MSM), accounting for 77.4%. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 CRF07_BC revealed two clusters: Cluster1 and Cluster2. Cluster1 mainly contained the strains isolated from MSM and Cluster2 mainly consisted of the strains isolated from heterosexual patients. The most recent common ancestor was 2002.47(1999.91, 2005.43) year for Cluster1 and 1996.38(1992.55, 1999.76) year for Cluster2. The evolutionary rates (95% highest posterior density, 95%HPD) of Cluster1 and Cluster2 were 1.73×10 -3 (1.36×10 -3-2.16×10 -3) substitutions·site -1·year -1 and 2.09×10 -3 (1.50×10 -3 -2.79×10 -3 ) substitutions·site -1·year -1, respectively. The effective population sizes of Cluster1 and Cluster2 tended to be stable after 2002 and 2003, respectively. In addition, Cluster1 and Cluster2 formed eleven and eight unique branches, respectively, suggesting the possibility of divergent epidemics of this genotype. A total of 35 propagation clusters were formed in the molecular propagation network, including 92 Nanjing sequences with an average degree of 4.3. Males, MSM and people with multiple sexual partners were more likely to be connected to the network. Students and young patients were more likely to be connected to the network. Conclusions:HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection was characterized by low age, multiple sexual partners, unprotected behaviors and transmission among MSM in Nanjing from 2015 to 2019. It was recommended to pay more attention to students and young people, to formulate more effective prevention and control measures for high-risk sexual behaviors, and to carry out continuous molecular monitoring of CRF07_BC strain, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of HIV CRF07_BC.
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Objective To understand the correlations between HIV-1 subtypes and changes in CD4+T cell count over time in patients with different subtypes of HIV-1 infection.Methods A total of 94 patients who were diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in Nanjing and received at least twice CD4+T cell counting test before antiretroviral therapy (ART) were recruited in this study.Descriptive analysis was used to present the rates of CD4+T cell decline for different HIV-1 subtypes.Logistic regression analysis and nonparametric test were conducted to investigate the factors responsible for CD4+T cell decline and to analyze the correlations between the rates of CD4+T cell decline and HIV-1 subtypes.Results The median monthly rate of CD4+T cell decline was-2.20 [interquartile range (IQR):-11.36-2.13] cell/μl.Of all patients,25.5% (24/94) had a significant decline (≥30%) in CD4+T cell count.Compared with the patients infected with CRF01_AE,those infected with CRF07_BC (OR=0.28,95%CI: 1.7-6.5) or other subtypes (OR=0.16,95%CI: 1.0-2.9) had a lower risk of significant decline in CD4+T cell count.In addition,results of the nonparametric test showed that the patients infected with CRF01_AE (M=-21.54,IQR:-30.97——11.92 cell/μl) had a faster CD4+T cell loss than those infected with CRF07_BC (M=-11.26,IQR:-14.06——5.63 cell/μl) (P=0.033).Conclusion HIV-1 subtype is associated with the rate of CD4+T cell decline.It is important to monitor the changes in CD4+T cell count in patients infected with CRF01_AE and to carry out timely ART.
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Objective@#To analyze the influence of growing experience on non-heterosexual orientation among male college students.@*Methods@#From October to November in 2015, a total of 2 535 male students from 96 classes in 14 colleges/departments were recruited from two colleges that participated in the experimental work of AIDS prevention by cluster random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was administered in this study, including general demographic information, growing experience and Kinsey scale (to evaluate sexual orientation). Out of 2 500 questionnaires distributed in this study, 2 332 effective copies were withdrew, with the effective rate at 93.3%. Chi square test was used to analyze the differences of non-heterosexual orientation among the individuals with different social demographic characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of non-heterosexual orientation.@*Results@#Among the 2 332 individuals, the proportion of self-reported non-heterosexual was 6.2% (144).The proportions of male students who identify as non-heterosexual from freshman to junior year were 5.2%(63/1216),6.9%(65/941),11.7%(13/111) and 4.7%(3/64), respectively (χ2=9.06,P=0.029). Compared with the individuals of very good relationship with parents, those with bad relationship (OR=3.3, 95%CI: 1.7-6.5) and general relationship (OR=1.7, 95%CI: 1.0-2.9) with parents had a higher risk of non-heterosexual orientation, respectively. Those encountered sexual assault had a higher risk of non-heterosexual orientation than those without encountered sexual assault (OR=5.9, 95%CI: 3.2-10.9).@*Conclusions@#This study reported a high proportion of self-reported non-heterosexual among college male students in Nanjing, and highlighted the importance of targeting students with poor parental relationships and who subjected to sexually abused.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in fortified milk on physical development in Chinese school girls aged 10 - 12 years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A non-randomized, double-blind intervention trial was carried out at nine primary schools of Beijing for two years. Seven hundred and fifty-seven girls (with an average age of 10.1 years) were recruited from nine primary schools in Beijing, China. They were divided into three trial groups, a control group (n = 259) having regular diet without milk supplementation, Group 1 (n = 238) having regular diet supplemented with 144 ml/d of calcium-fortified milk, and Group 2 (n = 260) having regular diet supplemented with 144 ml/d of calcium and vitamin D-fortified milk. Data of dietary intake and physical activities were collected by questionnaire, and height, weight, sitting height and knee height were measured before, during and after intervention.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Two years after intervention, the percentage increases in height and weight were significantly greater in Groups 1 and 2 than those in control group (9.52%, 9.26% and 8.59% in height, and 34.53%, 35.38% and 30.91% in weight, respectively). The percentage increase of sitting height was greater in Group 1 than those in Group 2, and then than that in control group (9.21%, 8.58% and 7.87%, respectively). The percentage increase of knee height was significantly greater in Group 1 than that in Group 2 and control group (9.00%, 8.37% and 8.44%, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Calcium and vitamin D-fortified milk supplementation could promote their physical development in girls aged 10 - 12 years.</p>
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Animals , Child , Female , Humans , Body Height , Body Weight , Calcium, Dietary , Pharmacology , Dietary Supplements , Food, Fortified , Human Development , Milk , Metabolism , Vitamin D , PharmacologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Effects of red palm oil on major plasma carotenoids, tocopherol, retinol and serum lipids were evaluated when used in Chinese diet.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Red palm oil group (RPO) composed of 20 male subjects(aged 18-32) and soybean oil group (SBO) composed of 22 male subjects (aged 18-32). Dietary fat provided about 28% of total calories, and the test oil accounted for about 60% of total dietary fat. In the 3 weeks of pretest period, diets were prepared with soybean oil, and then in the next 6 weeks subjects in each group consumed the diet prepared by test oil.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Plasma alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene concentration of RPO group significantly increased at the time of interim (21 days) and of the end (42 days) (P < 0.05), and alpha-tocopherol concentration significantly increased at the time of the end (42 days) in this study. Though Chinese plasma retinol level was relatively low when compared with that of Westerners, red palm oil diet showed no significant effect on adult Chinese plasma retinol level. Serum concentration of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein B of all subjects showed no significant changes in RPO group during the study.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The data in our study suggest that red palm oil is a good source of carotenoids and vitamin E when used in Chinese diet preparation, and it can significantly increase plasma concentration of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene and alpha-tocopherol.</p>