ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Suprapubic bladder aspiration(SBA) is a widely accepted method of obtaining sterile urine for culture in neonates but has a relatively low success rate and a few serious complications during SBA procedure. To improve the chance of obtaining urine, we determined the ultrasonographic bladder parameters(diameters and volume) to confirm that the bladder is adequately distended for successful aspiration of urine. METHODS: In 94 newborn infants who required sterile collection of urine, ultrasonographic examination and SBA procedure were carried out. On the patient's suprapubic area, the maximal cephalocaudal and anteroposterior diameters were measured by sagittal scanning, and the maximal anteroposterior and transverse diameters by transverse scanning. Bladder volume was calculated using the formula for elliptic volume, and then urine was aspirated to maximum of 10 mL and the amount of urine aspirated was recorded. RESULTS: Sufficient urine for culture(>1 mL) was obtained by SBA in 86(91.5%) of 94 infants. In the sagittal view, when the cephalocaudal diameter of the bladder was greater than 20 mm and the anteroposterior diameter was greater than 15 mm, the success rate was 100%. The cephalocaudal diameter of the bladder in sagittal view showed a more significant positive correlation with aspirated urine amount(r=0.65, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The ultrasonographic sagittal view improved the success rate of SBA in neonates. A SBA was more likely to be successful when the cephalocaudal diameter of the bladder was above 20 mm and the anteroposterior diameter was above 15 mm.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Ultrasonography , Urinary Bladder , Urinary Tract InfectionsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The hospital-acquired outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by a virus is currently one of major health problems among newbron nurseries in Korea. We report an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis with metabolic acidosis over a eight-month period in many nurseries in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 73 neonates who were admitted in Ansan Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, presenting with symptoms of acute viral gastroenteritis from March, 2001 to September, 2003. Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory data for these neonates were reviewed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rotavirus and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for astrovirus, norwalk virus and enteric adenovirus were performed in 54 and 16 neonates, respectively. RESULTS: The mean age at admission was 9.5 +/- 3.9 days. The mean body weight was significantly decreased, compared with mean birth weight. The numbers of severe dehydration were 37 (50.7%) and severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.2) were 40 (54.8%). Although the symptoms and laboratory findings were all compatible with acute gastroenteritis caused by a virus, the positive results for ELISA for rotavirus and EIA for astrovirus, norwalk virus and enteric adenovirus were 8 (14.8%) for 54 neonates and none for 16 neonates, respectively. CONCLUSION: Recognizing an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis necessitates notification of local health officials, collection of appropriate specimen for diagnosis and prompt institution of infection control measures.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Academic Medical Centers , Acidosis , Adenoviridae , Birth Weight , Body Weight , Cross Infection , Dehydration , Diagnosis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Gastroenteritis , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Infection Control , Korea , Norwalk virus , Nurseries, Infant , Retrospective Studies , RotavirusABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to investigate the effect of high glucose and spent peritoneal dialysate on the TGF-beta1 synthesis of cultured human peritoneal MC(HPMC); to examine the effect of costimulation with high glucose or dialysate and cytokines, interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha), on transforming growth factor(TGF-beta1) synthesis of HPMC. DISIGN: HPMCs were exposed to different concentrations of glucose(30, 60 & 90 mM/L) or spent peritoneal dialysate for 48 hours in the absence or presence of IL-1beta(1ng/ml) and TNF-alpha(1ng/ml). TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was assessed by Northern blot analysis and TGF-beta1 protein synthesis and release by Western blot analysis with immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: Exposure of MC to high glucose condition(30mM, 60mM & 90mM of D- glucose) induced 2.3-, 3.6- and 4.0-fold increases in TGF-beta1 mRNA expression of MC with enhanced TGF-beta1 protein synthesis and secretion into the media. Incubation with spent dialysate also significantly increased TGF-beta1 mRNA expression & protein secretion compared to control media(P<0.05) Stimulation with IL-1beta(1ng/ml) or TNF-alpha(1ng/ml) significantly increased TGF-beta1 mRNA expression after 48 hours above the control level by 2.7-fold and 2.1-fold, respectively. However, TNF-alpha-induced increase in TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was not translated into TGF-beta1 protein secretion whereas IL-1beta stimulation induced a significant increase in TGF-beta1 protein secretion as well as TGF-beta1 mRNA expression. Combined stimulation of high glucose or spent dialysate together with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha showed a greater increase in TGF-beta1 mRNA expression and protein secretion compared to stimulation with high glucose or spent dialysate alone. CONCLUSION: Our results clearly show that high glucose concentration of peritoneal dialysate and spent dialysate themselves might be sufficient to stimulate the production of TGF-beta1 by peritoneal mesothelial cell. This state of chronic induction of TGF-beta1 is further exaggerated in the presence of peritonitis because of stimulatory effect of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in the augmented TGF-beta1 synthesis, thus promoting peritoneal fibrosis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Blotting, Northern , Blotting, Western , Cytokines , Glucose , Immunoprecipitation , Necrosis , Peritoneal Fibrosis , Peritonitis , RNA, Messenger , Transforming Growth Factor beta1 , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaABSTRACT
Visual evoked potentials(VEPs) are the cerebral electrical activities recorded from the occipital scalp following a flash or pattern stimulation and can detect the lesions of sensory visual pathways. Although the VEPs change with the maturation of CNS in children, a few studies have documented the maturational changes in premature infants. Using the light- emitting diode goggles, VEPs were studied in 131 neurologically intact infants of 28~41 weeks gestational age or 34~59 weeks postmenstrual age. The VEPs were analysed by three waveforms; normal, abnormal, and flat, and four patterns; N300, P200-N300, P100-N155-P200-N300, and P100 pattern. Normal waveforms were 63 of 131 VEPs(48.1%). Of the normal waveforms, N300 patterns were 38.1%, P200-N300 36.5%, P100-N155-P200-N300 19.0%, and P100 6.4%. Each pattern correlated with the postmenstrual age. These findings support the hypothesis of VEP pattern changes according to the maturation of the visual system with age.