ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the contents of soil metal elements in the plague high incidence area and resting area in the plague natural foci of Qingnan region in Qinghai Province, and to compare and analyze the differences of the contents of soil metal elements between the two areas.Methods:A total of 69 soil samples were collected from 11 sites in the plague high incidence area (Yushu Prefecture) and resting area (Guoluo Prefecture) in Qingnan region, including 39 samples from high incidence area and 30 samples from resting area. The contents of 12 soil metal elements, such as iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn), were measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and SPSS 20.0 software was used for Spearman correlation and other statistical analysis.Results:The contents of Fe and Ca in the soil of the plague natural foci of Qingnan region were relatively high. The contents of 12 soil metal elements in the high incidence area were significantly higher than those in the resting area ( P < 0.01 or < 0.05). There were statistical significant differences in the contents of Mg, Ca, Ba, Mn, Pb and Zn in the soil among the sample plots of the plague high incidence area ( P < 0.01 or < 0.05). There were statistical significant differences in the contents of Fe, Mg, Ca, Rb and Ti in the soil among the sample plots of the plague resting area ( P < 0.05 or < 0.01). Except for Mg and Ca, Fe was positively correlated with other metal elements in the high incidence area and resting area ( P < 0.01 or < 0.05), and Fe was strongly positively correlated with Rb, Ti and V ( r = 0.780 - 0.838). Mg was only positively correlated with Ca in the high incidence area and resting area ( P < 0.01). Ca was negatively correlated with Mn, Pb, Rb, Ti, V and Zn in the high incidence area, and with Rb and Zn in the resting area ( P < 0.01 or < 0.05). The rest of the metal elements were mostly positively correlated in the high incidence area and resting area. Conclusions:The contents of Fe and Ca are rich in the plague natural foci of Qingnan region in Qinghai Province. There are correlations among most soil metal elements in the high incidence area and resting area. The correlation between the contents of soil metal elements in the plague natural foci and the epidemic of plague is worth further exploring.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To understand the spatial distribution of small mammals in the areas of natural focus disease in Qinghai Province, and to identify captured small mammals at the molecular level using mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as molecular marker.Methods:In 2009 - 2016, the distribution of regional spatial, elevation distribution and ecological environment type of captured small mammals were analyzed in 16 cities (counties) of 6 prefectures in Qinghai Province. The partial COI gene fragment sequence (about 650 bp in length) was obtained by PCR amplification, which was further analyzed through homology comparison, genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis.Results:Totally 1 631 small mammals were captured that had belonged to 30 species of 21 genera, 7 families, 3 orders. Among them there were 926 rodent animals that had belonged to 25 species of 19 genera, 5 families, accounting for 56.78%. There was the largest number in Golmud (313 animals), the highest distribution of small mammals was found at the elevation of 2 800 - < 3 000 m (532 animals), the largest number of small mammals was found in the sandy grassland (612 animals). COI genes of 292 small mammals were successfully amplified, and the homology was consistent with the target sequence. The results showed that the intraspecific genetic distance ranged from 0.01% to 2.90%, interspecific genetic distance ranged from 4.00% to 12.00%, intergenus genetic distance was 13.00% - 21.00% and interfamily genetic distance was 22.00% - 25.00%. The interspecific genetic distance was significantly greater than the intraspecific genetic distance. Neighbor-Joining tree showed that the same species were clustered into a single branch with high support form a total of 20, with a confidence level of 98% to 100%.Conclusions:The spatial distribution of small mammals is influenced by geographical factors such as region, elevation and ecological environment in Qinghai Province. Molecular identification can make up for the shortcomings in morphological identification.
ABSTRACT
We have evaluated the plague epidemic situation in the Three Rivers Source Region,Qinghai Province in recent 20 years to provide the basis for revising the plague prevention countermeasures.We have analyzed the time distribution and the plague epidemic situation between animals and human beings during twenty years in the Three Rivers Source Region,Qinghai Province by describing epidemiology.The animal plague in the natural source of Marmot plague was extremely serious in the Three Rivers Source Region during the past 20 years.It mainly distributes in Yushu State and Tanggula County,Germu City and the serious season ran through the whole period of marmot camp ground activities and the peak was between June and August.Human plague epidemic took place between May and October each year and reached its peak between July and September.The peak covered about 41.67％ at most.It mainly endemic distributes in Nangqian and Xinghai Country.During the past 20 years,we have totally found 14 human plague epidemics in the Three Rivers Source Region,among which 48 cases took place and there were deaths of 17 cases.The fatality rate was 35.42％.The lung type was the majority among 48 cases,which startde with the glandular type.During the past 20 years the plague epidemic has been active and the animal plague epidemic broke out continuously in the Three Rivers Source Region,Qinghai Province.The variety of animals and insects infected the plague epidemic was increasing.The human plague epidemics is most serious with high fatality rate,but it is on the decline as a whole.