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Objective To study the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and its resistance mechanism.Methods Clinically isolated CRE strains in a hospital from March 2015 to March 2018 were collected, then identified and performed antimicrobial susceptibility test by VITEK2 Compact analyzer, carriage of PMQR genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA and acc (6') Ib-cr were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing, the horizontal transfer of PMQR genes were verified by plasmid conjugation test.Results Resistance rates of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae to quinolones were 100％ and 15.56％-33.33％ respectively.Detection rate of acc (6') Ib-cr gene was the highest (87.72％), followed by qnrB (77.19％) and qnrS (17.54％), 2 strains (3.51％) carried qnrA gene, qepA gene was not isolated, 84.21％ of strains harbored 2 or 3 PMQR genes.PMQR gene was transfected into all the 8 conjugated strains, but minimum inhibitory concentration value of quinolones didn't change significantly.Conclusion The detection rate of PMQR genes in CRE in this hospital is high, but there is a certain sensitivity to quinolones.
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Objective Through reviewing data on surveys,tested materials especially on lead in Zhoushan fisheries,with ground lead,cadmium and methyl-mercury were analyzed and evaluated.Methods According to the distribution of Zhoushan fisheries,we randomly selected a certain number of Zhoushan seafood as research objects from four counties or districts.Different kinds of seafood would include sea fish,seawater crustaceans,seawater soft-bodied animals and sea algae.The inedible parts of all the seafood were removed,and then the samples of the edible parts were grinded into homogenate.We measured the contents of lead and cadmium,using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry method.The content of methylmercury was measured,using the gas chromatography (acid extraction method of mercaptoacetic cotton).Data from 2007 to 2009 was analyzed under SPSS software.Results (1)The average standardized rates were:lead as 3.90％ (11/282),cadmium as 11.35％ (32/282) and methylmercury as 2.84％ (8/282).(2) Results from the comprehensive evaluation on the contents of metals showed the following rankings:seaweed (0.4513 mg/kg),marine molluscs (0.1155 mg/kg),marine crustaceans (0.0486 mg/kg),sea-fish (0.0419 mg/kg).(3) Results from the single-factor variance analysis showed that the accumulation of lead,cadmium and methylmercury in different types of seafood were:lead F=35.683 (P＜0.001) ;cadmium F=25.301 (P＜0.001) ; methylmercury F=25.990 (P＜0.001).(4) Data on the safety analysis related to the different types of seafood on lead,cadmium,methylmercury food,the Chisquare tests showed as:lead x2=10.167,P＜0.05 ; cadmium x2=62.940,P＜0.001 ; methylmercury x2=20.960,P＜0.001.(5) Seafood in different years on lead,cadmium,methylmercury accumulation comparison,the Spearman correlation test results showed:lead P=0.000,cadmium P=0.974,methylmercury P=0.024.(6) The contents of seafood lead,cadmium and methylmercury in different years that with statistically significant differences were as follows:lead x2=6.440,P＜0.05; cadmium x2=34.455,P＜0.001 ;methylmercury x2=5.226,P＞0.05.Conclusion The situation of heavy metal pollution in different kinds of Zhoushan fisheries was different.Algae appeared the worst while sea fish,sea water crustaceans pollution were light,with lead and methylmercury mainly influencing sea algae and cadmium mainly in the sea algae,followed by seawater software class.The rates over standards of different kinds of seafood were different from each other,while the rates over standards of lead,cadmium and methylmercury in sea algae were the highest.Evaluated by pollution index,lead,methylmercury pollution was still low,but cadmium in the sea with mild pollution in algae seafood.In the recent three years,heavy metal lead pollution in seafood were worsened,while the cadmium,methylmercury pollution levels remained basically stable.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This paper analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of rubella in Shanghai from 1990 to 2006.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Descriptive epidemiological study was applied to analyze the cases from infectious diseases reported system on rubella during 1990-2006 in Shanghai. Excel was used for data analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The reported rubella incidence rate in Shanghai was 0.15-451.57 per 100,000 during the period from 1990 to 2006. A rubella epidemic happened in 1993, with the number of reported cases as 58,104. The year 1998 was the low year on rubella with only 19 reported cases. In the years without rubella vaccine (RV), that was, from 1990 to 1994, the annual reported incidence rate of rubella was 93 per 100,000, and there was a distinct characteristic of seasonal difference, with peak in march through June each year. Rubella cases mostly affected children aged 5-9 and adolescent of 10-14 years old. Since the wide use of RV in Shanghai since 1995, RV and measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) had been widely accepted by parents. The vaccination rate of MMR reached up to 85 percent. The incidence of rubella was descending as year went by. The annual reported cases were less than 100 since then (with exception in the year 1995). Local outbreaks were further reduced and the age group structure had also changed since the adoption of RV. Patients with RV fallen into the age group of 0-4 were increasing quickly, accounting for 21.00% percent of all the patients and the age become older. 31.62% of the patients fell into 20 years of age and above. During 1995-2006, the incidence rates of rubella in age 25-29 and 30-34 were both much higher than that in the year without vaccine.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The trend of older age among patients wilt Rubella increased the risk on fertile woman and geting congenital rebella syndrome.</p>