Clinical Features and Risk Factors for Uveitis in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Survey-Based Study

Purpose@#We investigated the clinical features and risk factors associated with the onset of uveitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. @*Methods@#A survey was conducted targeting patients with ankylosing spondylitis who have experienced uveitis. The questionnaire collected information on demographic characteristics, clinical features, and lifestyle-related risk factors for uveitis including stress, sleep quality, rest periods, eating habits, and intake of caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco. Respondents were asked to recall their condition at the time of their most recent uveitis flare-up and rate it on a 5-point scale (1 = good to 5 = bad). @*Results@#The study included 47 patients with ankylosing spondylitis; the average age was 40.0 years, 68.1% were male, and 89.4% tested positive for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27. The average treatment duration for uveitis was 5.2 weeks, with an average recurrence rate of 4.5 times. The most common symptom at the time of uveitis was eye redness (87.2%). The average scores for the surveyed risk factors were as follows: stress, 4.1 points; sleep, 3.1 points; rest, 3.4 points; eating habits, 2.9 points; caffeine intake, 3.3 points; alcohol intake, 2.4 points; and smoking, 2.5 points. No significant correlation was found between age, uveitis treatment duration, number of recurrences, and any of the surveyed scores. @*Conclusions@#Patients with ankylosing spondylitis appeared to experience higher levels of stress during episodes of uveitis; however, further investigation is needed.

Learning Curve in Phaco Chop Cataract Surgery Using an Illuminated Chopper

Purpose@#To confirm that the phaco chop method using an illuminated chopper (iChopper; Oculight, Seongnam, Korea) can reduce cataract surgery complications, and that even beginners can safely and effectively perform phaco chop. @*Methods@#We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of the first 30 phaco chop cases using illuminated chopper of four cataract surgeons. Four ophthalmologists had a variety of empirical backgrounds, from those who have experienced more than 10,000 cataract surgery, to beginners who have experienced 20 cataract surgery. @*Results@#Of the total 120 eyes, two eyes (1.67%) had posterior capsule rupture. The chopping method was changed from phaco chop to stop and chop in three eyes (2.5%) including one eye with brown cataract with pseudoexofoliation syndrome and two eyes with nuclear opacity grade ≥5. @*Conclusions@#The rates of posterior capsule rupture of phaco chop using an illuminated chopper were very low in four surgeons with various experiences and who became proficient shortly in phaco chop.

Influencing Factors of Clinical Nurses' Knowledge of Child Abuse Reporting, Perception of Child Abuse, and Moral Sensitivity on the Attitude toward Reporting Child Abuse / 임상간호연구

Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting clinical nurses’ attitude toward reporting child abuse. @*Methods@#The participants in this study were 200 clinical nurses. Data were collected as structured self-report questionnaires through the online portal site for nurses from November 24 to December 7, 2021. The questionnaires included general characteristics, knowledge of child abuse reporting, perception of child abuse, moral sensitivity, and attitude toward reporting child abuse. The SPSS/WIN 25.0 program was used for data analysis which included descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression. @*Results@#As knowledge of child abuse reporting, perception of child abuse and moral sensitivity were increased, the attitude toward reporting child abuse was significantly increased. Multiple regression analysis showed that knowledge of child abuse reporting (β=.32) and perception of child abuse (β=.21) were significant influencing factors of attitude toward reporting child abuse. @*Conclusion@#These findings implied that knowledge of child abuse reporting and perception of child abuse would be related to attitudes toward reporting child abuse among clinical nurses. Therefore, it is necessary to develop education programs and public policies to improve the knowledge and perception of child abuse reporting among clinical nurses so that attitudes toward reporting child abuse can be improved.

Thermal Injury Induces Small Heat Shock Protein in the Optic Nerve Head In Vivo

Purpose@#To investigate the induction pattern of various heat shock protein (HSP) in the optic nerve head after thermal stress using transpupillary thermotherapy and to determine the dose-response relationship of thermal stress on the induction of various HSP. @*Methods@#The 810-nm diode laser with 50-μm spot size was aimed to the center of optic nerve head of right eye of Norway brown rats. First, the various exposure powers (100, 120, 140 mW) were used with the same exposure duration, 60 seconds, to investigate power dosing effect. Second, the various exposure durations (1, 2, 3, and 5 minutes) were applied under constant 100 mW laser power to investigate time dosing effect. Left eyes were served as controls. To quantify HSP expression, enucleation was performed at 24 hours after transpupillary thermotherapy. HSP 27 and αB-crystallin inductions in optic nerve head were examined with Western blot. @*Results@#All type of HSP was observed in normal state. After thermal injury, the expression of HSP 27 were increased, and the αB-crystallin were decreased. @*Conclusions@#Induction pattern of each HSP in the optic nerve head were different after thermal injury. Some HSPs were induced or exhausted. Further research is needed on the characteristic functions and induction conditions of each HSP.

Factors Affecting the Individual Innovative Behaviors of Tertiary Hospitals' Nurses: Focusing on the Individual, Job and Organizational Factors / 임상간호연구

Purpose@#The aim of this study was to identify the individual, job, and organizational factors affecting the individual innovative behaviors among tertiary care hospitals’ nurses. @*Methods@#The participants in this study were 230 nurses who have worked more than one year in tertiary care hospitals. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires that included individual factors (self efficacy, and empowerment), job factors (knowledge and skills for evidence-based practice, and beliefs for evidence-based practice), organizational factors (perceived organizational support), and individual innovation behavior. The SPSS/WIN 25.0 program was used for data analysis which included descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Individual innovative behavior had significant positive correlations with all of individual, job, and organizational factors. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that knowledge and skills for evidence-based practice (β=.28, p<.001), self efficacy (β=.25, p=.002), gender (female, β=.23, p<.001), and beliefs for evidence-based practice (β=.17, p=.016) were significant factors influencing on individual innovative behavior. Conclusion: These findings suggest that knowledge, skills and beliefs for evidence-based practice, and self efficacy were linked to individual innovative behaviors.Therefore, education and human resource management improving self efficacy, knowledge, skills and beliefs for evidence-based practice are needed to increase nurses’ individual innovative behaviors in tertiary care hospitals.

Factors Affecting the Individual Innovative Behaviors of Tertiary Hospitals' Nurses: Focusing on the Individual, Job and Organizational Factors / 임상간호연구

Purpose@#The aim of this study was to identify the individual, job, and organizational factors affecting the individual innovative behaviors among tertiary care hospitals’ nurses. @*Methods@#The participants in this study were 230 nurses who have worked more than one year in tertiary care hospitals. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires that included individual factors (self efficacy, and empowerment), job factors (knowledge and skills for evidence-based practice, and beliefs for evidence-based practice), organizational factors (perceived organizational support), and individual innovation behavior. The SPSS/WIN 25.0 program was used for data analysis which included descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Individual innovative behavior had significant positive correlations with all of individual, job, and organizational factors. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that knowledge and skills for evidence-based practice (β=.28, p<.001), self efficacy (β=.25, p=.002), gender (female, β=.23, p<.001), and beliefs for evidence-based practice (β=.17, p=.016) were significant factors influencing on individual innovative behavior. Conclusion: These findings suggest that knowledge, skills and beliefs for evidence-based practice, and self efficacy were linked to individual innovative behaviors.Therefore, education and human resource management improving self efficacy, knowledge, skills and beliefs for evidence-based practice are needed to increase nurses’ individual innovative behaviors in tertiary care hospitals.

Comparison of Posterior Capsule Rupture Rate during Phacoemulsification by Novice Ophthalmologists: Microscope vs. Intracameral Illumination

PURPOSE: We compared the posterior capsule rupture (PCR) rate between microscope versus intracameral illumination in phacoemulsification surgery performed by novice ophthalmologists. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 300 eyes of 211 patients who underwent phacoemulsification by novice ophthalmologists from March 2012 to October 2017. Novice ophthalmologists (n = 6) were divided into those using microscope illumination (n = 4) and intracameral illumination users (n = 2). The first 50 cataract surgery cases of each novice ophthalmologist were reviewed. The results using a phacoemulsification machine and microscopy were the same. The intraoperative complications and learning curve in each case were evaluated. RESULTS: Phacoemulsifications performed by novice ophthalmologists showed a statistically significant difference in PCR rate between the microscope illumination (19.0%, 38/200) and intracameral illumination (4.0%, 4/100) groups (p = 0.001). The incidence of PCR was reduced to 22%, 18%, 16%, 12%, and 8% per 10 cases in the microscope group, while it was 15% in the first 10 cases and 0% in 50 cases thereafter in the intracameral illumination group. CONCLUSIONS: Novice surgeons had a lower PCR rate during cataract surgery using intracameral illumination than using microscope illumination. Both groups showed a tendency for the PCR to decrease with increasing surgical cases, but the intracameral illumination group showed a shorter learning curve.

Efficacy of 4-Haptic Bitoric Intraocular Lens Implantation in Asian Patients with Cataract and Astigmatism

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of 4-haptic bitoric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in Asian patients with cataract and astigmatism. METHODS: A total of 19 eyes with ≤25.0 mm axial length and ≥0.75 diopters (D) corneal astigmatism were included in this prospective non-comparative study. All subjects underwent phacoemulsification with implantation of an AT Torbi 709M IOL. Visual and refractive outcomes as well as toric IOL axis were evaluated during a 3-month follow-up. Errors in predicted residual spherical equivalent were calculated by subtracting predicted residual spherical equivalent from postoperative refraction. RESULTS: Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity improved significantly 3 months after surgery, from 0.43 to 0.05 and from 0.24 to −0.05, respectively. Mean refractive cylinders also decreased significantly, from −1.91 preoperatively to −0.54 D 3 months after surgery. Mean J0 and J45 decreased 3 months postoperatively, from 0.26 to 0.03 D and from 0.24 to −0.06 D, respectively. After 3 months, mean absolute IOL rotation was 1.81°. Errors in predicted residual spherical equivalent showed a hyperopic shift of 0.35 D. CONCLUSIONS: Implantation of 4-haptic bitoric IOL proved to be effective for correcting astigmatism in Asian eyes during cataract surgery.

Nurses' Experience of Inpatients' Falls / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify nurses' experience of falls by inpatients. METHODS: From December 30, 2015 to February 22, 2016 data were collected through in-depth individual interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Participants were 11 clinical nurses and 2 head nurses. RESULTS: Nurses' experience related to inpatients' falls were categorized as follows: ‘ emotional impact after falls’, ‘ responsibility for falls’, ‘ changes after experience of falls’, ‘ burden of reporting falls’, ‘ difficulty in preventing falls’, ‘ seeking new strategies for fall prevention’ CONCLUSION: The findings from this study suggest that there is a need to develop programs to help nurses overcome the emotional impact of falls. Also education should be provided to patients, caregivers and health providers in order to prevent falls and improve patient safety.

Multiple Solitary Plasmacytomas Presenting with Painful Erythematous Swelling of the Upper Eyelid

PURPOSE: To report a case of multiple solitary plasmacytomas that presented with painful erythematous swelling of the upper eyelid. The patient was diagnosed with extramedullary plasmacytoma, and was later found to have multiple metastases of the bone and soft tissue during follow up. CASE SUMMARY: A 55-year-old female patient presented with painful erythematous swelling of the left upper eyelid that persisted for 1 month prior to examination. Under suspicion of lacrimal gland inflammation, anti-inflammatory medication was started but the symptoms worsened. Orbital computed tomography showed that a mass infiltrated the left lacrimal gland. We performed incisional biopsy of the mass via eyelid crease incision. Based on histopathological examination, the mass was diagnosed as extramedullary plasmacytoma and the patient was treated with radiation. After a 10-month follow-up period, multiple metastases on the left parotid gland, thoracic spine, lumbar spine and pelvic bone were observed. Finally, we diagnosed the patient with multiple solitary plasmacytomas. CONCLUSIONS: We report the first case of multiple solitary plasmacytomas presenting with upper eyelid painful erythematous swelling. This condition should be considered for patients presenting with eyelid inflammation. In addition, long term follow up should be conducted to detect metastasis or recurrence.

Effect of Parental-adolescent Communication on Academic Stress and Peer Relationship Perceived by High School Students / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of parent-adolescent communication on academic stress and peer relationship perceived by high school students. METHOD: A total of 154 students were recruited from a high school in C city. Data were collected by means of self-reported questionnaires from September 1 to 18, 2015 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: Positive correlations were found between father-adolescent communication and peer relationship(r=.35, p<.001), and between mother-adolescent communication and peer relationship(r=.22, p=.006). Negative correlations were found between father-adolescent communication and academic stress (r=-.23, p=.004), and between mother-adolescent communication and academic stress(r=-.17, p=.039). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that identifying the effects of father-adolescent communication and parent-adolescent communication programs on academic stress and peer relationship is required.

Erratum: Current View of Orphan Drug Usage in Tertiary Hospital and Rare Incurable Disease Hospital

Erratum agreed to by all authors, editor in chief, publisher, and scientific society.

Surgical Outcomes Dependent on the Amount of Hyperopia in Infantile Esotropia

PURPOSE: In the present study, short-term and long-term surgical outcomes dependent on the amount of hyperopia in patients with infantile esotropia were analyzed. METHODS: In this study, 80 patients with infantile esotropia who underwent both medial rectus recession from 2007 to 2011 and followed up for at least 36 months were retrospectively examined. The patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of hyperopia: ≥ +3.0 D (high hyperopia [HH], n = 59 patients) and < +3.0 D (non-high hyperopia [NH], n = 21 patients). Clinical characteristics analyzed included surgical success rate and dose-response relationship at the 3-month and 3-year postoperative follow-ups. RESULTS: Initial preoperative alignment (NH: 44.8 ± 10.2 PD, HH: 42.7 ± 11.6 PD, p = 0.450), surgical success rates (NH: 69.5% (41/59), HH: 71.4% (15/21), p = 0.837), under-correction rates (NH: 23.7% (14/59), HH: 9.5% (2/21), p = 0.191) and over-correction rates (NH: 6.8% (4/59), HH: 19.1% (4/21), p = 0.138) were not statistically significantly different between the NH and HH groups. A tendency towards a larger dose-response relationship was observed with HH (NH: 3.9 PD/mm, HH: 4.3 PD/mm) at the 3-month postoperative follow-up, but was not significant (p = 0.105). At the 3-year postoperative follow-up, exodrift was in progress and the dose-response relationship was significantly higher in the HH group than NH group (NH: 3.9 PD/mm, HH: 4.9 PD/mm, p = 0.010). A difference between the groups with amblyopia was observed (NH: 8.5% (5/59), HH: 23.8% (5/21), p = 0.146), although without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical success rate of infantile esotropia was not statistically associated with the amount of hyperopia. There was no statistical association between the dose-response relationship and amount of hyperopia at the postoperative 3-month follow-up, but a statistical association was found in the high dose-response relationship in the HH group at the postoperative 3-year follow-up. Therefore, the conventional amount of recession or muscle resection should be modified in high hyperopic (≥ +3.0 D) infantile esotropia, and long-term postoperative follow-up is necessary.

Current View of Orphan Drug Usage in Tertiary Hospital and Rare Incurable Disease Hospital

OBJECTIVE: Until now, there is minimal number of research for overall domestic status of orphan drug use in Korea. The purpose of this study is to identify the list of orphan drugs available in Korea and to understand the status of orphan drug usage in tertiary Hospitals and rare incurable disease Hospital. METHODS: We made domestic orphan drug lists based on available orphan drugs in Korea. Based on this lists, we conducted e-mail survey from August, 2014 to September, 2014 to identify domestic status of orphan drug usage including the availability and management of orphan drugs. RESULTS: There are three hundred and eighteen orphan drugs (184 ingredients) registered in Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Among the three hundred and eighteen orphan drugs, Two hundred and twenty-eight drugs (102 ingredients) were selected. Information on each item was collected and documented with generic and brand names, manufacturers, wholesalers, indications, FDA approval status and insurance coverage. Forty-three tertiary hospitals and thirty-two rare incurable hospitals responded to the survey questionnaire (57.3%). According to the survey result, the antineoplastics and immunomodulating agents group has the highest percentage (40%) usage in the hospital. Of fortythree tertiary hospitals, thirteen hospitals manage orphan drugs separately (30.2%). Based on the reply, most of the healthcare professionals commented the drug information related to efficacy and safety including medication counseling of orphan drugs is insufficient. CONCLUSION: Through this study we anticipate providing an understanding of orphan drug usage status in Korea. We found the limited resources to the information on orphan drugs and this information requires updating on a regular basis. This can be the basis for further studies about preparing drug information, educational resources for rare disease patients.

Orbital Wall Reconstruction with Osteoconductive Unsintered Hydroxyapatite/Poly L-Lactide

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of orbital wall reconstruction with absorbable osteoconductive unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide by assessment of the orbital volume via orbital computed tomography. METHODS: 24 patients who followed up at least 6 months after orbital wall reconstruction with unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide were included. Retrospective clinical chart reviews for clinical manifestations and complications were performed, and orbital volume measurements were taken using the Eclipse Treatment Planning System (ver.13.0, Varian Medical System Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) through orbital computed tomography, which were taken before operation, right after operation, and at last follow up. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (58.3%) showed diplopia and extraocular muscle movement limitation preoperatively. Diplopia was resolved at last follow up and extraocular muscle movement limitation was improved at postoperative 6 months for all cases. The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit before operation were 23.62 ± 0.45 cm3 and 21.95 ± 1.01 cm3, respectively (p = 0.003). The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit right after operation were 21.65 ± 0.91 cm3 and 21.78 ± 0.83 cm3, respectively (p = 0.542). The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit at last follow up were 21.84 ± 0.93 cm3 and 21.81 ± 0.91 cm3, respectively (p = 0.889). CONCLUSIONS: Absorbable osteoconductive unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide was effective for clinical improvement and orbital volume assessment in cases of orbital wall reconstruction and it can be used safely without definite implant related complications.

Orbital Wall Reconstruction with Osteoconductive Unsintered Hydroxyapatite/Poly L-Lactide

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of orbital wall reconstruction with absorbable osteoconductive unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide by assessment of the orbital volume via orbital computed tomography. METHODS: 24 patients who followed up at least 6 months after orbital wall reconstruction with unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide were included. Retrospective clinical chart reviews for clinical manifestations and complications were performed, and orbital volume measurements were taken using the Eclipse Treatment Planning System (ver.13.0, Varian Medical System Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) through orbital computed tomography, which were taken before operation, right after operation, and at last follow up. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (58.3%) showed diplopia and extraocular muscle movement limitation preoperatively. Diplopia was resolved at last follow up and extraocular muscle movement limitation was improved at postoperative 6 months for all cases. The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit before operation were 23.62 ± 0.45 cm3 and 21.95 ± 1.01 cm3, respectively (p = 0.003). The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit right after operation were 21.65 ± 0.91 cm3 and 21.78 ± 0.83 cm3, respectively (p = 0.542). The mean volumes of the fractured orbit and the unaffected orbit at last follow up were 21.84 ± 0.93 cm3 and 21.81 ± 0.91 cm3, respectively (p = 0.889). CONCLUSIONS: Absorbable osteoconductive unsintered hydroxyapatite/poly L-lactide was effective for clinical improvement and orbital volume assessment in cases of orbital wall reconstruction and it can be used safely without definite implant related complications.

Elevated Matrix Metalloproteinase in Aqueous Humor in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma

PURPOSE: To compare the aqueous concentrations of cytokines in glaucomatous eyes with those of normal controls and to characterize the clinical factors associated with aqueous cytokine concentration. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, aqueous humor samples were collected from 54 eyes of 54 patients (34 medically treated primary open angle glaucoma and 20 normal controls) during cataract surgery from January 2014 to January 2015. Glaucoma patients were divided into two groups: patients using prostaglandin analogue for more than 6 months (prostaglandin F2α analogue [PGA] user) and patients with no experience of PGA use (PGA non-user). The levels of cytokines (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]1, MMP9, MMP3, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin [IL]-1, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in the aqueous of glaucoma and control subjects were quantified using a multiplex cytokine analysis. RESULTS: Aqueous humor collected from the glaucoma patients exhibited significantly increased concentrations of MMP1 (p = 0.002) and MMP9 (p = 0.026). Among glaucoma patients, PGA users showed significantly higher level of MMP 9 compared with PGA non-users (p = 0.003). In the univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses, PGA use (β = 0.351, p = 0.027) and vertical cup-to disc ratio (β = -0.401, p = 0.013) were the significant risk factors associated with the level of MMP9. CONCLUSIONS: Primary open-angle glaucoma showed increased aqueous levels of MMP1 and MMP9. Especially, PGA use for longer than 6 months was associated with increased level of MMP9.

Elevated Matrix Metalloproteinase in Aqueous Humor in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma

PURPOSE: To compare the aqueous concentrations of cytokines in glaucomatous eyes with those of normal controls and to characterize the clinical factors associated with aqueous cytokine concentration. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, aqueous humor samples were collected from 54 eyes of 54 patients (34 medically treated primary open angle glaucoma and 20 normal controls) during cataract surgery from January 2014 to January 2015. Glaucoma patients were divided into two groups: patients using prostaglandin analogue for more than 6 months (prostaglandin F2α analogue [PGA] user) and patients with no experience of PGA use (PGA non-user). The levels of cytokines (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]1, MMP9, MMP3, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin [IL]-1, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in the aqueous of glaucoma and control subjects were quantified using a multiplex cytokine analysis. RESULTS: Aqueous humor collected from the glaucoma patients exhibited significantly increased concentrations of MMP1 (p = 0.002) and MMP9 (p = 0.026). Among glaucoma patients, PGA users showed significantly higher level of MMP 9 compared with PGA non-users (p = 0.003). In the univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses, PGA use (β = 0.351, p = 0.027) and vertical cup-to disc ratio (β = -0.401, p = 0.013) were the significant risk factors associated with the level of MMP9. CONCLUSIONS: Primary open-angle glaucoma showed increased aqueous levels of MMP1 and MMP9. Especially, PGA use for longer than 6 months was associated with increased level of MMP9.

A Case of Steatocystoma Simplex of the Orbit

PURPOSE: Steatocystoma is a cyst that originates embryologically from hair follicles and usually occurs on the face, chest, back and axillae as multiple lesions and rarely occurs as a solitary lesion. We experienced a case of steatocystoma simplex that developed in the orbit and present our case with a brief review of the literature. CASE SUMMARY: A 44-year-old male presented with a history of palpable mass in the right inferomedial periorbital area that had been slowly growing for a few months. Physical examination revealed a non-tender, soft and round mass. Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit showed 2.0 x 2.0 x 2.0 cm-sized mass in the right inferomedial orbit. We performed excisional biopsy of the orbital mass using transconjunctival approach. The pathological diagnosis was steatocystoma. There was no local recurrence during the postoperative follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We experienced a rare case of steatocystoma simplex that developed in the orbit. Base on our results, steatocystoma simplex should be considered when diagnosing an orbital mass.

Effect of Socio-Economic Status on the Prevalence of Diabetes

PURPOSE: As Korean society has become industrialized and westernized, the prevalence of diabetes has increased rapidly. Environmental factors, especially socio-economic status (SES), may account for the increased prevalence of diabetes. We evaluated the associations between the prevalence of diabetes and SES as reflected by household income and education level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was based on data obtained from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted in 2010-2012. Diabetes referred to a fasting plasma glucose > or =126 mg/dL in the absence of known diabetes, previous diagnosis of diabetes made by a physician, and/or current use of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. RESULTS: Household income and education level were inversely associated with the prevalence of diabetes among individuals aged 30 years or older. These associations were more prominent in females aged 30-64 years. According to household income, the odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for the lowest quartile group versus the highest quartile group was 4.96 (2.87-8.58). According to education level, the OR (95% CI) for the lowest quartile group versus the highest quartile group was 8.02 (4.47-14.4). CONCLUSION: Public policies for the prevention and management of diabetes should be targeted toward people of lower SES, especially middle-aged females.