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Objective To understand the current situation of endemic fluorosis in Shandong Province,and to provide a scientific basis for development of control strategies.Methods In accordance with the requirements of the national Surveillance Scheme of Drinking-Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis (Trial) and Shandong Provincial Surveillance Scheme of Drinking-Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis (Trial),and to understand the progress of the province's water-improvement projects,10 counties were chosen in the province,and 10 water-improvement projects were selected in each county.Running condition of the water-improvement projects was investigated,and water fluoride content was tested.Three epidemic villages were chosen as fixed monitoring villages in each county.In each village,fluoride content in drinking water was determined,and dental fluorosis of all children aged 8 to 12 was diagnosed.Water fluoride content was determined by fluoride ion selective electrode method,and dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was diagnosed by Dean method.Results ① There were 3570 water defluoridation projects in the province,and water-improvement rate was 87.49％ (10 122/11 569).Normal operating projects accounted for 89.10％ (3181/3570),and the passing rate of water fluoride content was 73.14％ (2611/3570),with the maximum water fluoride as 9.71 mg/L.② In the 10 counties,a total of 86 waterimprovement projects were monitored.Normal operation,intermittent operation and scrapped projects accounted for 95.35％ (82/86),3.49％ (3/86) and 1.16％ (1/86),respectively,and passing rate of fluoride content in water was 50.00％ (43/86),and the maximum water fluoride was 5.32 mg/L.③ In the 27 monitored villages with improved water quality,the passing rate of fluoride content in water was 74.07％ (20/27),and the maximum water fluoride was 4.50mg/L.In the 3 monitored villages without improved water quality,villages of mean water fluoride ≤ 1.20 mg/L and ＞ 1.20 mg/L accounted for 33.33％ (1/3) and 66.67％ (2/3),respectively,and the maximum water fluoride was 1.53 mg/L.④ In the 27 monitored villages with improved water quality,the detection rate of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 to 12 was 57.65％(791/1372),and the detection rate of defect type dental fluorosis was 7.80％(107/1372); the index of dental fluorosis was 1.15.In the 3 monitored villages without improved water quality,the detection rate of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 to 12 was 50.97％ (80/155),and the detection rate of defect type dental fluorosis was 7.10％(11/155); the index of dental fluorosis was 1.16.Conclusions In Shandong Province,the running condition of water improvement project to reduce fluoride still needs to be further improved,and the water fluoride is seriously overweight and endemic fluorosis has not been effectively controlled.Preventive measures should be strengthened.
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ObjectiveTo find out the condition of endemic fluorosis in Liangshan and Boxing counties of Shandong province,and to provide the basis for future prevention and treatment of the disease.MethodsIn 2007 -2009,100 water facilities per year were selected in each county and the water fluoride was tested in Liangshan and Boxing counties of Shandong province.Ten households were selected and their water fluoride content was measured.Dental fluorosis prevalence and dental fluorosis index of school children aged 8 - 12 were checked in all monitored places(3 villages in each county).Meanwhile,urinary fluoride was detected in children carried dental fluorosis test.ResultsIn 2007 - 2009,the median of urinary fluoride in Liangshan county was 2.35,3.73 and 1.29 mg/L,respectively; dental fluorosis detection rate was 72.73％ (88/121),78.08％ (57/73),and 70.64％ (77/109),and the dental fluorosis index was 1.43,1.76 and 1.34.While in Boxing county,the median of urinary fluoride was 4.50,6.71 and 5.64 mg/L; dental fluorosis detection rate was 95.93％ (118/123),99.06％ (105/106),94.41％(152/161) and dental fluorosis index was 2.23,2.54 and 2.09,respectively.ConclusionsThe effect of prevention and control of endemic fluorosis in Liangshan county was better than that of Boxing county of Shandong province.Altering water source is an important measure to control endemic fluorosis.More defluoridation project should be carried out in endemic fluorosis areas.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the water fluoride level of the water improvement project and the prevalent condition of endemic fluorosis in 4 counties in Shandong province,and to provide a scientific basis for the development of control strategies to endemic fluorosis.MethodsAccording to “Shandong Province Survey Scheme of Endemic Fluorosis”,the service conditions of normal operated water improvement project and water fluoride content were investigated in Gaomi,Jiaxiang,Yuncheng and Boxing counties from May to November in 2010.The fluoride content in drinking water,the prevalence of dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride in children were investigated in nine major survey villages of the four counties.Water and urinary fluoride were determined by ion selective electrode and examination of dental fluorosis was done by using Dean method.ResultsA total of 288normal operated water improvement projects were examined in the 4 counties,the qualified rate of water fluoride (≤ 1.00 mg/L) of the projects was 51.39％(148/288),mean water fluoride was 1.35 mg/L and the maximum value was 6.27 mg/L.A total of 26 copies of drinking water samples were measured,the fluoride content ranged from 0.62mg/L to 4.36 mg/L,and mean water fluoride was 2.02 mg/L.A total of 685 children aged 8 to 12 were examined in the major investigated villages,the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 80.14％ (549/685),detectable rate of the defective dental fluorosis was 15.33％ (105/685),and dental fluorosis index was 1.56.Three hundred and seventynine copies of child urine samples were tested,the geometric mean of urinary fluoride were 0.66 - 13.28 mg/L,and the average was 3.04 mg/L.ConclusionsNearly 50％ of the water fluoride level of the water improvement project exceeds the standard ( ＞ 1.00 mg/L) in the 4 countries.The detection rate of dental fluorosis exceeds 80％ and urinary fluoride is significantly exceeds the standard in the major investigated villages.The endemic fluorosis is still serious and the situation of prevention and control of the disease is still grim.
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Objective To investigate the current status of endemic fluorosis in Shandong province,and to provide a scientific basis for the development of preventive strategies.Methods In accordance with the requirements of the national Technical Implementation Plan for Endcmic Disease Control Project in 2009 and Drinking-Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis Monitoring Program (trial),ten counties were selected to carry out the epidemiological investigation,to understand the progress and the effect of the water improvement projects; three villages were selected in each county,to determine fluoride content of drinking water,to check dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 and skeletal fluorosis of adults over the age of 25.Water fluoride content was determined by fluoride ion selective electrode method,children dental fluorosis was diagnosed with Dean method and adults skeletal fluorosis by the National Standard for Diagnosis of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis (WS 192-2008).Results There were a total of 687 improved-water defluoridation projects of the 10 counties,the improved-water rate was 83.34％ (3247/3896).The investigation was taken place in 84 improved-water projects of the 10 counties,the projects running normally accounted for 98.81％ (83/84); 41 projects had water fluoride concentration ≤1.20 mg/L,and the pass rate was 48.81％(41/84),with the maximum water fluoride as 5.76 mg/L.In the 26 villages with improved-water projects of the 10 counties,villages with a mean water fluoride ≤ 1.20 mg/L were 15,which accounted for 57.69％ (15/26),＞ 1.20 mg/L were 11,which accounted for 42.31％ (11/26),with the maximum water fluoride as 5.58 mg/L.In the 4 yet to improve water quality villages of the 10 counties,1 village had mean water fluoride ≤ 1.20 mg/L,3 villages had mean water fluoride ＞ 1.20 mg/L,with the maximum water fluoride as 2.92 mg/L.A total of 1331 children aged 8 to 12 were checked in the 26 improved water villages,the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 59.73％ (795/1331),the index of dental fluorosis was 1.17 and the defect rate was 10.14％ (123/1331).A total of 138 children aged 8 to 12 were checked in the 4 yet to improve water quality villages,the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 51.45％(71/138),the index of dental fluorosis was 0.95 and the defect rate was 0.72％ (1/138).In water quality improved villages and yet to improve water quality villages,X-ray detection rates of skeletal fluorosis were 8.80％ (113/1284) and 3.05％ (6/197),respectively,in adults over the age of 25.Conclusions The water fluoride content of improved-water defluoridation projects exceeds the national standard seriously and fluorosis has not been effectively controlled in Shandong province.
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Objective To investigate the prevailing status of endemic fluorosis in the south area of Shandong province and to provide a scientific basis for formulating control measures against the disease.Methods According to the present distribution of fluorosis areas in the south area of Shandong province and the Shandong Province Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control,13 counties(districts) in the south area of Shandong province were selected as the survey counties in 2009.Based on the state of endemic fluorosis,the disease was classified into light,moderate and severe types in the 13 monitoring counties (districts),and one diseased village was selected from each type as the survey spots.The drinking water fluoride level,the prevalence of dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12,adult clinical skeletal fluorosis and urinary fluoride level of the children and adults were surveyed in the 39 villages selected.The content of fluoride in drinking water and urine was dctermined by F-ion selective electrode while dental fluorosis of the children aged 8-12 was diagnosed by Dean method and adults skeletal fluorosis by the national standard for Diagnosis of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis (WS 192-2008).Results A total of 172 water samples were tested in the 39 villages(26 villages with improved water and 13 villages with unimproved water) of the 13 counties(districts),the fluoride content of the 74 water samples(51 from 13 villages with unimproved water and 23 from 6 villages with improved water) exceeded the national standard(＞ 1.0 mg/L),and the rate of exceeded the standard was 43.02％(74/172) with 24 of ＞ 2.0-4.0 mg/L and 3 of ＞ 4.0 mg/L,and the maximum value of the water fluoride was 7.76 mg/L.A total of 1118 copies of children urine samples were tested,geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 1.82 mg/L; 764 copies of adults' urine samples were tested,geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 1.98 mg/L.A total of 1908 children aged 8-12 were examined of dental fluorosis,the detection rate was 45.18％ (862/1908),tooth defection rate was 9.12％ (174/1908),and dental fluorosis index was 1.07.A total of 25 295 adults were checked of clinical skeletal fluorosis,the detection rate was 5.96％(1509/25 296) with 670 moderate or scrious cases.Conclusions In the south area of Shandong province,excessive water fluoride is still serious,mainly in the diseased villages with unimproved water(including water improvement villages discarded water improvement thereafter).Urine fluoride remains at a relatively high level,and the dental and skeletal fluorosis are still comparatively serious.High tluoride hazard still exists to a certain degree.Therefore,the scientific control measures need to be strengthened to control the prevalent of endemic fluorosis.
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To develop a stable cell line that could express the RSV NS1, the full-length RSV NS1 gene was generated by RT-PCR amplification from respiratory syncytial virus. NS1 gene was ligated with pBABE-puro to construct the recombinant retroviral expression plasmid pBABE-NS1, which was cotransfected into 293FT packaging cells with PIK packaging plasmid by calcium phosphate co-precipitation. The supernatant of 293FT was collected to infect HEp-2 cells, the resulting cell clones stably expressing NS1 were screened by puromycin. Using QPCR, CPE staining method and indirect immunofluorescence assay, the expression of NS1 at both gene and protein levels was identified. The recombinant plasmid pBABE-NS1 was identified by EcoRI and BamHI endonuclease digestion and the sequence analysis. QPCR results showed that the NS1 gene amplification in HEp-2-NS1 cells was 8483 fold higher than that in HEp-2 cells. Although the exogenous interferon was added, all cells were destroyed after 48 hours post infection using CPE staining method, showing that HEp-2-NS1 cells remained sensitive to the VSV virus. The results of RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that the NS1 gene in HEp-2 cells could not only transcribe mRNA, but also express NS1 protein steadily. We had successfully established HEp-2-NS1 cell lines with stable expression of respiratory syncytial virus non-structural protein NS1.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Line, Transformed , HEK293 Cells , Recombinant Proteins , Genetics , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses , Genetics , Viral Nonstructural Proteins , GeneticsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the current status of endemic fluorosis in Shandong province, and to provide the scientific evidence for making strategies for prevention and control of the disease. Methods According to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2008", thirty-four counties were divided into mild, moderate and severe endemic fluorosis areas and a village was randomly selected from each category of the area to carry out the monitoring of endemic fluorosis. The content of fluoride in drinking water and urine was determined by F-ion selective electrode, dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was diagnosed by Dean method and skeletal fluorosis diagnosed by clinic and X-rays. Results The monitoring was done in 70 water-improving villages in 34 counties, among which 54 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 77.14%(54/70), 16 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 22.86%(16/70), the highest water fluoride content was 4.46 mg/L. The monitoring was also carried out in 32 non-water-improving villages in 34 counties, among which 9 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 28.12%(9/32), 23 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 71.88% (23/32), the highest water fluoride content was 4.09 mg/L. The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 45.81%(1988/4340), the index of dental fluorosis was 0.97 and the rate of dental damage was 6.91%(300/4340). The urinary fluoride values above 1.40 mg/L were found in 55.33%(1417/2657) of children aged 8 to 12, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations was 18.53 mg/L. The rate of skeletal fluorosis by clinic and X-rays in adults older than 16 years were 4.25% (2462/57 968) and 28.40%(23/81 ), respectively. The urinary fluoride values above 1.60 mg/L were found in 55.86% (1130/2023) of adults older than 16 years, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations was 25.44 mg/L. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in Shandong province has not yet been effectively controlled,control situation is still grim. Prevention efforts need to be further strengthened.
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Objective To investigate the current status of endemic fluorosis in Shandong province, and to provide scientific evidence for the development of control strategies. Methods According to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2007", 19 counties were chosen to carry out the epidemiological investigation in 2008. Water and urinary fluoride were determined by F-ion selective electrode, dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 were diagnosed by Dean method and skeletal fluorosis of adults over the age of 16 were examined clinically and by X-rays. Results In 19 counties, 186 villages were surveyed, 44 villages were found with mean water fluoride ≤ 1.00 mg/L, accounting for 23.66%(44/186);the value ＞ 1.00 mg/L in 142 villages,accounting for 76.34% (142/186);maximum water fluoride 8.88 mg/L. Total detection rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 66.35% (4518/6809), dental fluorosis index was 1.55, and defect rate was 15.39%(1048/6809). Children with urinary fluoride ＞ 1.40 mg/L was 83.29%(2149/2580), and the maximum value was 31.92 mg/L. Detection rates of skeletal fluorosis clinically and by X ray among adults over 16 years were 6.37%(5577/87 607) and 20.23% (229/1132), respectively. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in Shandong province is still serious, prevention efforts need to be further increased.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the current status of Kaschin-Beck disease in Shandong province, and to provide a scientific basis for decision-making in controlling the disease. Methods According to the National Monitoring Program of Kaschin-Beck disease requirements, historical serious villages of Kaschin-Beck disease in Qingzhou of Shandong province were selected annually; children aged 7 to 16 were chosen to receive clinical examination and children aged 7 to 12 were taken X-ray examination. Clinical and X-ray diagnosis was carried out according to the Diagnostic Criteria of Kashin Beck Disease(GB 16003-1995). Results From 1996 to 2010, in 53 diseased villages, three thousand three hundred and eighteen school children aged 7 to 16 were clinically diagnosed, and child Kaschin-Beck disease of degree Ⅰ and above were not detected; three thousand and ninety-one school children aged 7 to 12 were examined by X-ray, forty cases were found positive, and the total positive rate was 1.29％(40/3091 ). The year with the highest positive rate was 2002, and the rate was 3.49％(13/372) ; the positive rate was 0 in 1996 and 2008. The difference of the X-ray positive rate between each year was statistically significant(x2 =31.54, P ＜ 0.01 ). ConclusionsChild Kashin-Beck disease in Qingzhou is basically under control.Since etiology of Kashin-Beck disease is still unclear, surveillance of the disease still needs to be strengthened.
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Objective To investigate the present situation of water-improving defluoridation project and the distribution of water fluoride in fluorosis areas in Shandong province. Methods In 2005 - 2007, according to "The National and Shandong province Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control", the water-improving form,water type and the running status of defluoridation project in 17 cities of Shandong province were investigated, and the water-fluoride of the running projects were determined by F- ion selective electrode. Results A total of 5816projects were built that involved 8776 villages, 110 counties, 17 cities distributed in Shandong province. In which,the drilling of water-improving projects accounting for 94.55% (5499/5816), under-ground water type 97.73%(5684/5816);operating normally accounting for 75.91% (4415/5816), 7246 villages were supplied with the water, beneficiary population 6 946 459 people, non-normal projects accounting for 24.09%(1401/5816), including 1530 diseased villages. There were still 4415 projects running well. The projects with water fluoride lower than 1.0mg/L were 2893, accounting for 65.53% (2893/4415). The water fluoride higher than 1.0 mg/L accounted for 34.47%(1522/4415), ＞ 2.0 mg/L of 548, ＞ 4.0 mg/L of 97, and the maximum value of water fluoride was 9.71mg/L. Conclusions Nearly 1/4 of the water-improving projects in Shandong province are abnormal. The water fluoride of the project of more than 1/3 are exceeding the standard( ＞ 1.0 mg/L) in 4415 projects, and water-fluoride of 97 projects are higher than 4.0 mg/L. More measures should be taken to strengthen the supervision of the projects and monitoring of water fluoride.
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This study was to investigate the antiviral effects of a hot water soluble extract S-03 isolated from Isatis indigotica root on different subtypes of influenza A and B viruses in MDCK cell cultures, using plaque reduction, immunofluorescence and hemo-agglutination inhibition (HAD) assays. Chemical analysis of the extract S-03 showed that it contained high proportion of polysaccharides. The antiviral effects in vitro showed that the S-03 had no effect on different influenza viruses if the drug was used before virus adsorption, but S-03 showed obvious activities against influenza viruses if treatment after virus adsorption or direct reaction of drug and virus before virus adsorption. Hemagglutination inhibition assay showed that S-03 inhibited HA activities of different human influenza viruses (inhibition concentration ranged from 3.12 to 25 mg/mL), avain influenza viruses (inhibition concentration ranged from 25 to 50 mg/mL). The antiviral effects of S-03 on different influenza A and B viruses in vitro might be through the inhibition of the HA to prevent infection.
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Animals , Dogs , Cells, Cultured , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Influenza A virus , Influenza B virus , Isatis , Chemistry , Plant Extracts , Pharmacology , Plant RootsABSTRACT
Objective To understand the current status of the prevention and control of endemic fluorosis in the southwestern area of Shandong province. Methods In 2007, the progress of water-improving defluoridation, the operating state and water fluoride content of the water-improving project, which was determined by fluorosis selective ion electrode, and the inhabitant related indexes of endemic fluorosis were extensively surveyed in the three main fluorosis counties-Jiaxiang, Yuncbeng and Liangshan of the southwestern area of Shandong province. Results Among 1371 fluorosis villages in the 3 counties, 53.61%(735/1371) of which had undergone water-improving defluoridation, the rate in Jiaxiang, Yuncheng and Liangshan being 38.0% (220/579),65.51% (378/577) and 63.72% ( 137/215 ) respectively; the normally functioning rate of this project was 76.73% (564/735), projects out of order accounted for 23.27% (171/735). Among 263 well-functioning projects from the three counties, the rate with water fluoride higher than 1.0 mg/L was 35.36%(93/263), the maximum value being 4.17 mg/L. The urine fluoride content of 440 children aged 8 - 12 years and 484 adults over 30 years old were examined in 13 fluorosis villages of the three counties, the geometric mean was 2.98,3.06 mg/L respectively; the individual maximum was 12.83,14.49 mg/L respectively; the detectable rate of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 - 12 was 84.28% (649/770) ,17.66%(136/770) had defect and the index of dental fluorosis was 1.89; the rates of the clinical and X-ray skeletal fluorosis of the adults aged more than 30 were 44.40%(234/527) and 24.67%(130/527) respectively, and the abnormal electrocardiography rate was 32.43% (168/518) in the adult, mostly T-wave abnormality. Conclusions The progress of the water-improving defluoridation in the southwestern area of Shandong province was relatively slow, the water fluoride content of the water-improving projects seriously exceeded standard, and the condition of the fluorosis had not been effectively controlled.
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Objective To investigate the present status of Kaschin-Beck disease(KBD) in Qingzhou at present, and provide a scientific basis for decision-making in controlling the disease. Methods According to The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2007, children aged 7 to 12 were chosen to receive clinical and X-ray examination in 3 villages of 2 towns in Qingzhou. Local adults aged 16 years and older were clinically diagnosed in 10 villages of 4 towns and divided into different groups according to the clinical degrees and their ages. The Diagnostic Criteria of Kashin Beck Disease(GB 16003-1995) was carded out by clinical and X-ray diagnosis. Results Two hundred and sixty school children aged 7 to 12 were clinically diagnosed, and the patients of I degree upwards of KBD were not detected. One hundred and ninety-eight school children aged 7 to 12 were examined by X-ray, and the detectable rate was 0(0/198). In 7099 adults aged 16 years old upwards clinically tested, 502 patients of degree I and higher of KBD were detected and the detectable rate was 7.07%(502/7099). The patients distributed mainly in the population aged 36 years old and older, accounting for 99.00% (497/502). Conclusions Although KBD in children have been controlled in Qingzhou, it is still serious in adults. So the monitoring of KBD should be carried on and prevention and control for KBD in adults should be strengthened.
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Objective To investigate the distribution of water-borne fluoride and the current status of water defluoridation project by improving drinking water quality in endemic fluorosis areas in Shandong province,and to provide scientific basis for making strategies in prevention and control of the disease. Methods According to "the National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2004, 2005 and 2006", 113 endemic fluorosis diseased counties(cities, and districts) of the province's 17 cities were screened in order to investigate the fluoride level in drinking water in fluorosis villages, recheck the fluoride level after implementing the water defluoridation project, and investigate the current status of the water defluoridation project. The fluoride level in drinking water was determined by F-ion selective electrode. Results There were a total of 5816 water defluoridation projects in the province. Most of them were carried out by drilling a deep well to get under-ground water. The wells still in good condition were accounted for 72.80% (4234/5816). Intermittent operated wells were accounted for 3.11% (181/5816). Abandoned wells were accounted for 24.09%(1401/5816). Level of water fluoride was determined in 6940samples from fluorosis villages(villages that not carry out the water defluoridation project as well as villages carried out the water defluoridation project with abandoned wells were included) and the value that lower or equal to 1.00mg/L was determined in 2987 villages which accounted for 43.04% (2987/6940). Level of water fluoride that over 1.00 mg/L was found in 3953 villages which accounted for 56.96% (3593/6940), and the highest level of water fluoride was 11.33 mg/L. Level of water fluoride were determined in 4415 samples from water defluoridation project and the value lower or equal to 1.00 mg/L was in 2983 wells which accounted for 65.53%(2983/4415). The value over 1.00 mg/L was in 1522 wells which accounted for 34.47%(1522/4415), the highest value of water fluoride was 9.71 mg/L. Conclusions Level of water fluoride in up to 1/2 of the villages and 1/3 of the projects, is still higher than the standard in Shandong province. Nearly 1/4 of the project has been abandoned. The current situation for endemic fluorosis control is still not good in the province, countermeasures for endemic fluorosis must be carried out as soon as possible and surveillance of water defluoridation project must be strengthened.
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Objective To investigate the current prevalent status of endemic fluorosis in the floodplain area of the lower Yellow River in Shandong province. Methods According to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2008", 16 counties were chosen to carry out the epidemiological survey of endemic fluorosis. Three villages were chosen in each county, to determine the fluoride content of drinking water and to check the dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 year old, the skeletal fluorosis of adults over 16 years of age. Both children and adults were tested for urine fluoride. The content of fluoride in drinking water and urine was determined by F-ion selective electrode while dental fiuorosis of children aged 8 to 12 years old was diagnosed by Dean's method and adults skeletal fluorosis by the National Standard for "Diagnosis of endemic skeletal quality' villages in 16 counties, among which 19 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 73.08% ( 19/26), 7 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for quality' villages in 16 counties, 5 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L (accounted for 22.73% ), 17 villages had water fluoride content ＞1.00 mg/L(accounted for 77.27% ), with the highest water fluoride content as 3.38 mg/L. The overall rate of dental fluorosis among children aged 8to 12 years old was 52.18% (1042/1997), with the index of dental fluorosis as 1.17 and the rate of dental damage as 8.01% (160/1997). The urinary fluoride values above 1.40 mg/L were found in 65.00% (845/1300) of children aged 8 to 12 years old, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations as 18.53 mg/L. The rate of skeletal fiuorosis by clinic and X-rays in adults older than 16 years old were 4.35% ( 1121/25 781 ) and 11.36%(5/44), respectively. The urinary fluoride values above 1.60 mg/L were found as 63.92%(606/948) in adults older than 16 years old, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations as 21.35 mg/L. Conclusion The status of endemic fluorosis had not been effectively controlled and the situation for endemic fluorosis control was still critical in the floodplain area of the lower Yellow River in Shandong province, suggesting that the preventive approaches on endemic fluorosis control should be strengthened.
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Objective To investigate the status of endemic fluorosis in Boxing County in Shandong Province at present,and to provide the scientific evidence for making strategies in prevention and control.Methods Children aged 8-12 years old and adults above 30 years old were selected from 8 endemic fluorosis villages in 2 fluorosis of children aged 8-12 years old were diagnosed by Dean method and skeletal fluomsis diagnosed by clinic and X-Rays.Results Eight villages in 2 towns were chosen underwent epidemiological investigation.Eight villages had water fluoride content＞4.50 mg/L.the highest water fluoride content was 5.78 mg/L.The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 years old WaS 90.70%(195/215),the index of dental fluorosis was 2.15 and the rate of dental damage was 24.65%(53/215).The rate of skeletal fluorosis detected by clinic and X-rays in adults older than 30 years old were 30.71%(78/254)and 16.54%(42/254),respectively.The averaged fuoride level in urine wa8 over 1.50 mg/L in 98.95%(189/191)of children aged 8-12 years old and in 97.92%(235/240)adults older than 30 years old,with the highest respectively being 14.50 mg/L and 17.99 mg/L.Conclusions In Boxing County in Shandong Province,endemic fluorosis is not effectively controlled.So endemic fluorosis control mfist be strengthened.
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Objective To understand the fulfillment of control measures of endemic fluorosis and find out the prevalent trend of this disease in Shandong Province from 1992 to 2006 in order to provide a scientific basis for the set up of control strategies. Methods According to "the National Survey Scheme of Endemic fluorosis", Huantai County in 1992-1996 and Liaagshan County in 1997-2006 were selected, where water-improving defluoridation and the contents of water fluoride were searched in two counties; dental fluorosis and urine fluoride in children aged 8-12 years old, clinical and X-ray skeletal fluorosis in adult over 16 years old were searched respectively in Lijia Village of Huantai County and Dongxu Village of Liangshan County. Results One hundred percent(304/304) high-fluoride villages of Huantai County in 1992 and 63.72% (137/215) villages of Liangshan County in 2006 had finished the project of water-improving defluoridation; the rate of high-fluorine water(>1.0 mg/L) in normal operation projects was 5.00%(5/100)-17.14%(18/105) in Huantai County from 1992 to 1996, and 18.97%(11/58)-45.61%(26/57) in Liangshan County from 1997 to 2006. The water fluoride of Lijia Village was<1.0 mg/L from 1992 to 1996, the water fluoride of Dongxu Village was<0.5 mg/L from 1997 to 2006. The detection rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 years at Lijia Village dropped from 30.86%(25/81) in 1992 to 10.13%(8/79) in 1996(χ2=12.41, P<0.05), and the Dongxu Village dropped from 68.95%(151/219) in 1997 to 0(0/38) in 2006(χ2=222.04, P<0.01). In the Lijia and Dongxu Villages, urine fluoride in children aged 8-12 years old was lower than 1.40 mg/L. In the adults over 16 years of the two villages, the positive rate of X-ray skeletal fluorosis of Lijia Village dropped from 30.0%(15/50) in 1992 to 13.95%(6/43) in 1996(χ2=3.41, P>0.05), and all the cases were in degree I, the rate of Dongxu Village dropped from 64.58%(31/48) in 1997 to 16.67% (4/24) in 2006(χ2=14.71, P<0.01), and no eases of degrees Ⅲ was detected. Conclusions The progress of water defluoridation was uneven in 2 counties, slow in Liangshan County; and the water fluoride in part of the project exceeded standard; the water fluorid of 2 surveyed villages was normal and the endemic fluorosis was under control. More financial input is requested to accelerate the process of water defluoridation and to reinforce the management of the projects and illness monitoring, thus to reduce the harm of fluorosis to the limit.
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Objective To investigate the current prevailing status of endemic fluorosis in the Yellow River basin of Shandong Province and to provide the scientific evidence for making strategies in prevention and control.Methods Nine counties were chosen to carry out the epidemiological investigation.The content of fluoride in drinking water was determined by F-ion selective electrode and dental fluorosis of children aged 8～12 years old was diagnosed by Deans method.Results Water fluoride content was determined in 1761 fluorosis villages,among which 606 villages had water fluoride content≤1.00 mg/L,accounting for 34.41%(606/1761);1155 villages had water fluoride content＞1.00 mg/L,which accounted for 65.59%(1155/1761).The highest water fluoride content was 11.33 mg/L.Water fluoride content of 618 water-improving and defluoridation projects had been determined,among which 449 projects had water fluoride content≤1.00 mg/L and accounted for 72.65%(449/618),169 projects had water fluoride content＞1.00 mg/L and accounted for 27.35%(169/618),the highest water fluoride content was 5.85 mg/L.The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8～12 years old was 45.03%(25 579/56 804) and the index of dental fluorosis was 0.80. Conclusions In the Yellow River basin in Shandong Province,up to 50.00%in the villages the water fluoride content exceeds the county standard(≤1.00 mg/L).The prevalence of endemic fluorosis in the basin hasn't been effectively controlled.So the counterrneasures for endemic fluorosis should be carried out as soon as possible.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate water fluoride content and the current status of water-improving project in Jining,Shandong Province in 2005.Methods Water fluoride content and the status of water-lmprovlng project were havestigated in Bencheng Ditrict,Liangshan and Jiaxiang Couties of Jining City.The fluoride content in drinking warer was assessed by F-ion selective electrode.Results Water fluoride contents of 671 fluorosis villages were determined.One hundred and seventy villages had water fluoride content less than or equal to 1.00 mg/L(accounting for 25.34%)and 501 villages water fluoride content higher that 1.00 mg/L(accounting for 74.66%),with the highest being 11.33 mg/L.Four hundred and ninty.seven projects were surveyed,in which 161 Projects were discarded (accounting for 32.39%),334 projeets worked well(accounting for 67.20%),and 2 pmjects worked fitfully(accounting 0.40%).Two hundreds and eighty-one projects had water fluoride content≤1.00 ms/L and 55 projects had water fluofide cantent>1.00 mg/L(aceounting for 26.82%),with the highest being 4.28 ms/L.Conclusions The situation of endemic fluorosis control is still serious in Jining City.Countermeasures for endemic fluorosis must be carried out as sppm as possible and surveillance of water-improving and defluoridation projects must be strevIsthend.