ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The occurrence and development of osteoporosis are shown to be directly related to the inflammatory response induced by immune dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the mechanisms of osteoclast differentiation and formation at cellular and molecular levels, as well as the underlying mechanisms of several kinds of medical herbs against osteoporosis, thus paving ways for finding more effective and safe herbs for anti-osteoporosis.METHODS: PubMed database was retrieved using the English keywords of (osteoporosis OR bone loss) AND lipopolysaccharide AND bone resorption", and WanFang database was searched with the Chinese keywords of "osteoarthritis, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, lipopolysaccharide,Dendrobium moniliforme,Portulaca oleracea,Ampelopsis sinica,Schizonepeta".The literatures addressing osteoporosis, inflammation and herbal medicine were screened, and those using lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse models were included. Finally, four eligible literatures were enrolled for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In vivo experiments,CT images and pathological sections of the cancellous bone in the mouse distal femur show that Dendrobium moniliforme,Purslane oleracea,Ampelopsis sinica,and Schizonepeta exert inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoporosis.In vitro experiments reveal that these four kinds of herbs fight against osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and further reducing bone resorption.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the plasma levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), D-dimer, IL-6 and TNF-α, and observe the relations among uPA, uPAR, D-dimer, IL-6 and TNF-α in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). METHODS: A prospective, clinical case-control study was conducted in patients with SIRS at age of more than 55 years old treated during 2008-2010 at Wuhan Central Hospital. Venous blood samples were collected by routine venipuncture. Eighty-five patients were divided into two groups according to diagnostic criteria of SIRS: SIRS patients from intensive care units (n=50), and non-SIRS patients from medical wards (n=35). Thirty healthy blood donors who visited the General Health Check-up Division at Wuhan Central Hospital served as controls. Excluded from the study were (1) those patients with pregnancy; (2) those with cancer; (3) those died after admission into the ICU in 7 days; (4) those received cardiopulmonary resuscitation; (5) those who had previous blood system diseases; and (6) those with SIRS before admission into the ICU. The levels of uPA, uPAR, D-D, IL-6 and TNF-α in blood were detected by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 and expressed as mean ± standard. Student's t test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used in the analysis. The relations of uPA, uPAR and D-dimer, IL-6 TNF-α levels were analyzed using Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient test. RESULTS: The plasma levels of uPA , uPAR, D-dimer,IL-6 and TNF-α in the patients with SIRS were obviously higher than those in the non-SIRS patients and controls (P<0.001). Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between uPAR and IL-6 levels (r=0.395, P=0.004) and between uPAR and TNF-α levels (r=0.606, P<0.001), but no correlation between uPAR and D-dimer levels (r=0.069, P=0.632). No correlation was observed between uPA, D-dimer, IL-6 and TNF-α levels (P>0.05). The establishment of ROC curve was based on the levels of uPAR, D-dimer, IL-6 and TNF-αin 24 hours for the diagnosis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and the ROC areas under the curve were 0.76, 0.58, 0.86 and 0.83, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: uPA and uPAR play a major role in patients with SIRS in the process of coagulation disorder, but the mechanism of SIRS is not the same. uPAR may play a central role in the development of SIRS to MODS.