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OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for interpretation of pathogenesis， early prevention and diagnosis， and selection of therapeutic targets of Alzheimer’s disease （AD）. METHODS： The gene chip dataset GSE28146 was downloaded from the NCBI public data platform GEO， and the AD-related differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were identified by using GEO2R online analysis tool. GO analysis and KEGG enrichment pathway analysis were performed by using DAVID 6.8 bioinformatics resource database. The protein-protein interaction （PPI） network analysis was performed by using STRING database and Cytoscape 3.2.1 software. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： A total of 1 478 AD-related DEGs were identified， consisting of 913 up-regulated genes and 565 down-regulated genes. GO function enrichment analysis showed that DEGs mainly distributed in cytoplasm， membrane， extracellular space， and induced AD via biological processes such as positive/negative regulation of transcription， positive regulation of NF-κB activity， regulation of Rho protein signaling transduction， protein phosphorylation； via protein binding， DNA binding， transcription factor activity （sequence specific DNA binding） and other molecular functions. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs was enriched in cancer pathway， pulmonary tuberculosis， osteoclast differentiation， JAK/STAT signaling pathway， FoxO signaling pathway， EB virus infection and other signaling pathways. There are 1 205 nodes and 3 931 edges in the PPI network of DEGs coding protein. Among them， the key genes are SOCS3， NEDD4 and CBLB， which may be the potential target of AD development.
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Objective To observe the effect of low temperature compound propofol on the changes of apoptosis protein Caspase-3,autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ and thier changes of hippocampal neurons.Methods The rats were randomly divided into blank control group (Group A),propofol group at low temperature (Group B) and chloral hydrate group at low temperature (Group C),Group B and C were treated with low temperature for 30 min.Then,each group was subjected to cardiac perfusion and decapitated brain to prepare rat hippocampal neuronal tissue samples.The expression of Caspase-3 was detected by immunohistochemistry,Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ protein was detected by immunoblotting.The ultrastructural changes of neurons were observed by transmission electron microscopy.Results The expression of Caspase-3,Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ protein in each group were statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that the neurons in group B and C were changed in different degrees,especially in group C neuronal apoptosis is obvious.Conclusion Autophagy and apoptosis in existence still exist in low temperature condition,while propofol can reduce this damage and have better protective effect on neurons.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish the system of curriculum based on working process and occupation ability for pharmacy major in higher vocational colleges. METHODS:Investigation was conducted among medical practitioners from pharmaceutical companies,hospitals,pharmaceutical factories,scientific research institutions and other related professionals. RESULTS:150 ques-tionnaires were sent out,and 141 valid questionnaires were collected with effective recovery rate of 94.00%. Results of investiga-tion showed that respondents most valued graduates with interpersonal and communication skills,followed by professional skills and practical ability. They were mainly clinical application of drugs,pharmacological effects and adverse reactions of drugs in the pharmacology theory teaching,the mechanism of action of drugs were weakened. The ability of prescription distribution,symptoms inquiring and drugs recommending should be strengthened in the pharmacology theory practice teaching. More than half of the re-spondents thought that confirmatory tests were necessary to keep,which helped to train students’practical ability and deepen the understanding of the theory. Meanwhile,it was important to strengthen the students’communication with the patients or their fami-lies and doctors to cultivate the ability of acquiring professional knowledge. CONCLUSIONS:The investigation provides basis for the making of curriculum standards of pharmacology,through which teaching contents are selected,teaching methods are de-signed,and it makes the pharmacology course full of post applicability and provides better decision-making basis to meet the posi-tion requirements.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. The occurrence of dementia correlates with inflammation. Inflammation processes may play a critical role in the pathogenesi s of the degenerative changes and cognitive impairments associated with Alzheime r's disease. Cyclooxygense-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are reported to be e ffective in reducing the risk of developing AD or cognitive impairments. Studies on this field are of important significance in the understanding the pathogenes is and therapeutic measures for AD. This review will discuss the progress in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease by COX-2 inhibitors.