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Chinese dental doctoral education has developed multiple lengths of schooling, including eight-year programme, five-year direct doctoral programme, five-year master-doctor combined programme and three-year doctoral programme. The review summarizes the development of the lengths of schooling of Chinese dental doctoral education, compares and analyzes different modes of education and their outcomes. In order to further construct the Chinese dental doctoral education, it's strongly suggested to set a medical-scientist training programme, to promote the double-track system and to deepen the collaborative reform of medical and educational cooperation to train more outstanding talents for the future development of stomatology in China.
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OBJECTIVE To provide ideas and reference for the treatment and pharmaceutical care of infective endocarditis （IE） caused by Micrococcus luteus complicated with severe pneumonia. METHODS The clinical pharmacist participated in the treatment of a patient with IE caused by M. luteus complicated with severe pneumonia； all anti-infective treatment plans were agreed upon after the doctor invited the clinical pharmacist for consultation. After the implementation of the plan， the clinical pharmacist conducted pharmaceutical care of effectiveness and safety for the plan， including adopting suitable drug， adjusting the dose of vancomycin by using parameters such as steady-state valley concentration and creatinine clearance rate， monitoring renal function and adverse drug reactions. RESULTS IE caused by M. luteus was cured after surgery and full treatment with anti-bacterial drugs， the severe pneumonia was improved， and the decline of renal function caused by drugs and the primary disease were recovered； clinical pharmacists had ensured the effect of anti-infection treatment by assisting in the formulation of treatment plans and the implementation of pharmaceutical care， avoiding further renal damage and solving the problem of cefoperazone sulbactam- related drug fever. CONCLUSIONS IE caused by M. luteus is relatively serious， and the treatment drug can be vancomycin and rifampicin. During the treatment， it is necessary to monitor the renal function， and adjust the dose of vancomycin or change other drugs； anti-infection pharmaceutical care provided by clinical pharmacists can guarantee the effectiveness and safety of anti- infection plan， and avoid the occurrence of severe adverse drug reactions.
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This study was designed to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of cirsilineol in hydrochloric acid (HCl)/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. Cirsilineol was administered at the doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg in HCl/ethanol-induced rats. The gastroprotective ability was verified by determining the ulcer score, total acidity, hemoglobin, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxides, and enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in gastric tissue and serum biochemical analysis. The results showed a favorable increase in the hemoglobin level, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), restored electrochemical balance (carbon dioxide & anion gap) while a noticeable decrease in ulcer index, total acidity, lipid peroxides, inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in rats treated with the cirsilineol. The serum biochemical analysis on liver markers (alkaline phosphatases, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase), kidney markers (urea, creatinine, albumin, globulin, total protein), and lipid profile (triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol) were attenuated by cirsilineol treatment in rats. Histopathology showed enhanced gastric protection and preserved the integrity of gastric mucosa upon cirsilineol administration. These results ultimately suggest that cirsilineol has gastroprotective effects that prevent the development of gastric ulcer.
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This study was designed to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of cirsilineol in hydrochloric acid (HCl)/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. Cirsilineol was administered at the doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg in HCl/ethanol-induced rats. The gastroprotective ability was verified by determining the ulcer score, total acidity, hemoglobin, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxides, and enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in gastric tissue and serum biochemical analysis. The results showed a favorable increase in the hemoglobin level, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), restored electrochemical balance (carbon dioxide & anion gap) while a noticeable decrease in ulcer index, total acidity, lipid peroxides, inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in rats treated with the cirsilineol. The serum biochemical analysis on liver markers (alkaline phosphatases, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase), kidney markers (urea, creatinine, albumin, globulin, total protein), and lipid profile (triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol) were attenuated by cirsilineol treatment in rats. Histopathology showed enhanced gastric protection and preserved the integrity of gastric mucosa upon cirsilineol administration. These results ultimately suggest that cirsilineol has gastroprotective effects that prevent the development of gastric ulcer.
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Chinese dental doctoral education has developed multiple lengths of schooling, including eight-year programme, five-year direct doctoral programme, five-year master-doctor combined programme and three-year doctoral programme. The review summarizes the development of the lengths of schooling of Chinese dental doctoral education, compares and analyzes different modes of education and their outcomes. In order to further construct the Chinese dental doctoral education, it’s strongly suggested to set a medical-scientist training programme, to promote the double-track system and to deepen the collaborative reform of medical and educational cooperation to train more outstanding talents for the future development of stomatology in China.
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Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of general balance therapy in treating cervical spondylosis of nerve root type.Method Totally 120 patients with cervical spondylosis of nerve root type were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 60 cases in each group. The treatment group was intervened by general balance therapy (balance needling plus balance tuina manipulations), while the control group was by ordinary acupuncture and tuina manipulations. The cervical movement ranges were observed before and after the treatment, and the clinical efficacies were compared between the two groups. Result The cervical movement ranges (forward flexion, backward extension, lateral flexion, and turning range) were significantly changed in both groups after the treatment (P<0.05). The cervical movement ranges of the treatment group were significantly different from that of the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 95.0% in the treatment group versus 85.0% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01).Conclusion General balance therapy is an effective method in treating cervical spondylosis of nerve root type.
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Objective:To analyze the influential factors, trend and equity of preventive care utilization in China from 1991 to 2011. Methods:Using China Health and Nutrition Survey ( CHNS) , logistic regression was applied to explore influential factors, study time trend of preventive care utilization, and examine its equity by Concentration In-dex. Results: Total preventive care services and physical examination utilization significantly increased. Significant inequity still exit in terms of general physical examination and blood text, however, disappeared with respect to blood pressure screening and gynecological examination. Main influential factors of preventive care utilization includes in-come, gender, education and insurance, etc. Conclusion:Preventive care utilization had significantly grown with de-creasing inequalities, but inequity still exit, particularly for general physical examination and blood test.
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Objective To find out the relativity of diseases and emotional factors,provide foundation for the clinical epidemiologic survey,and to know about the doctors understanding of emotional etiology.Method Consulting to the diagnostic criterion of emotional diseases,whole-team-delamination method was adopted to research 54 703 registered case history of retrospective etiology in hospitals(Established Hospital of Shandong Province,Jinan City Central Hospital,TCM Hospital of Shandong Province) within 3 years.Result The cases that was related to emotions were totally 506,0.92% of all the cases.Of all the positive cases,62.5% of them were cardicvascular diseases,12.06% were digestive diseases,3.56% were gynecologic diseases.Of all the emotional etiology,agitation was 43.87%,anger was 25.69%.Female patients took up 56.72% of all the positive cases.Conclusion Cardiovascular diseases are more related to negative emotions,the basic emotion"anger"is more related to diseases,female is prior to male patients,age is of positive correlation of the occurrence of emotional diseases.
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Objective Aimed at the problem that there is no curative effect standard of liver-qi invasion of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), to construct the reference standard of curative effect evaluation for the liver-qi invasion of PMS. Method Curative effect evaluation research of Jingqianping granule was designed by the principle of random, double blind, contrast and multicentre. Three hundred and fifty-six patients with liver-qi invasion of PMS were divided into two groups randomly, one was Jingqianping granule, the other was placebo. Patients were given Jingqianping granule and placebo respectively for two menstrual cycles and followed–up for three menstrual cycles. The reference standard of curative effect evaluation for the liver-qi invasion of PMS was constructed with daily rating of severity of problems form (DRSP). Result Jingqianping granule and placebo have therapeutic effect on the patients with liver-qi invasion of PMS, and Jingqianping granule was better than placebo. DRSP can be used as indexes of curative effect evaluation. Conclusion The initial establishment of the curative effect evaluation criterion of PMS liver-qi invasion provides the important foundation for profession criterion’s establishment.
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Objective To investigate the applied value of multi-slice CT(MSCT) in diagnosis of hip trauma.Methods The volume scans according to conventional pelvic scan were performed in 26 cases with hip trauma by SIEMENS Sensation 4 MSCT,then the images in thin slice of low and high contrast were reconstructed.After that,all the source images were transfered into CT 3D work stations,images such as multiplanar reconstructions(MPR).Maximum intensity projection(MIP), surface shade display(SSD) and volume rendering technic(VRT) were obtained. All images were observed and analysed by two radiologists.Results All post process images that obtained from the MSCT showed 19 patients with acetabular fractures ,8 with femoral head fractures ,7 with hips dislocation and 5 with piece of fracture in the hip joint. MSCT 3-dimension imaging could produce clear and comprehensive images of hip fracture and dislocation or piece of fracture .The rate of displaying hip trauma with thin slice MPR and MIP was 100%.Conclusion The MSCT thin slice MPR imaging is the best noninvasive imaging method in showing the hip joint. It is of high value in diagnosis of hip trauma in clinical practice.