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Objective To explore whether inhibiting autophagy can enhance the sensitivity of photothermal treatment under mild photothermal conditions. Methods CQ@PLGA@PDA NPs were prepared by an improved double emulsification method and a PDA-based surface modification method. After basic characterization, CCK-8 method was used to detect the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles; the near-infrared laser irradiation nanoparticle solution was used to detect the heating effect; CCK-8 method and live-dead cell staining were used to detect the killing effect of tumor cells; Western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy-related proteins. Results The CQ@PLGA@PDA NPs were successfully prepared, with a particle size of 253.10±2.39 nm, a zeta potential of -22.57±0.80 mV, uniform particle size and good dispersion. The temperature of nanoparticle solution increased to 45℃ after the near-infrared laser irradiation for 10 min. CQ@PLGA@PDA NPs had no obvious toxicity to cells. The survival rates of breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 and mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH-3T3 cell were above 95%. The inhibition of autophagy under mild photothermal conditions could improve the sensitivity of photothermal therapy. Conclusion The prepared CQ@PLGA@PDA NPs have good photothermal performance and high biological safety; by inhibiting autophagy, they can effectively kill tumor cells under mild photothermal conditions(< 50℃).
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Objective To evaluate the clinical outcome of reduction plasty for labia minora hy-pertrophy with redundant praeputium clitoridis .Methods A total of 84 cases were included from June 2013 to December 2016 .Arc-shaped resection of labia minora and crescent resection of redundant pra-eputium clitoridis were the two essntial surgical procedure ,and 5-0 VICRYL Rapide was used for su-turing the incision .Results The 84 cases were operated with this mothod with satisfactory aesthetic result .Complications ,such as hematoma ,infection and poor wound healing ,were not observed .Ede-ma was resoluted after one to two weeks .After the reduction plasty of the labial labia ,the vagina and perineum were completely covered in the natural state ,without scar ,also the sensitivity of clitoris was improved due to the better expoure post-operationally .Conclusions The same-stage reduction plasty for labia minora hypertrophy with redundant praeputium clitoridis is a reliable and effective method . Both satisfactory aesthetic result and improved sexual sensitivity are achived ,without hematoma ,in-fection and poor wound healing .
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@# Objective To explore the difference in lumbar proprioception between the youth and the elderly, and the male and the female. Methods From September to November, 2017, 58 elderly aged 65 to 80 years and 56 youth aged 20 to 30 years were randomly picked up from the community. Their lumbar proprioceptions were measured by Con-Trex isokinetic dynamometer. The absolute error angles of lumbar flexion and extension in passive replication test was used to assess lumbar proprioceptive function. Results The absolute error angles of passive replication test were less on youth proprioception than on elderly ones (t > 4.218, P < 0.001), either in men or women (t > 2.844, P < 0.001), and was not different between men and women neither in the elderly group nor in the youth group (t < 1.473, P > 0.05). Conclusion The lumbar proprioception in the elderly was obviously inferior to that of the youth, both men and women. There was no gender difference between men and women in lumbar proprioception, both elderly and youth.
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Objective To assess the test-retest reliability of pressure biofeedback in measuring intra abdominal pressure in the lumbar region for normal subjects .Methods We choosed 33 subjects (20 to 27 years old) and asked them to do four movements (movement A :prone position ;movement B :supine position with flexion hip and knee joint ;movement C :supine position with single flexion hip and knee joint ;movement D :prone position with flexion shoulder joint ;) by using pressure biofeedback twice totally ,and the last measurement should be done after 24 h .The indicator of test-retest reliability of joint position was intraclass correlation co-efficient (ICC) .Results The test-retest reliability of intra abdominal pressure was modest in the four movements in the lumbar re-gion ,and the values of ICC were from 0 .786 - 0 .848 .The test-retest reliability of intra abdominal pressure was good in Movement A [ICC(95% CI)= 0 .817(0 .630 - 0 .910)] ,Movement B [ICC(95% CI)= 0 .848 (0 .692 - 0 .925)] ,Movement D [ICC(95% CI)= 0 .841(0 .678 - 0 .921)] .And the test-retest reliability of intra abdominal pressure was good in Movement C [ICC (95% CI) =0 .786(0 .566 - 0 .894)] .Conclusion The test-retest reliability of intra abdominal pressure was modest and good in the lumbar re-gion ,and pressure biofeedback could be useful to assess intra abdominal pressure .
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Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of autologous granular fat graft applied for penile lengthening and augmentation.Methods After all the superficial ligment and 1/3-2/ 3 part of the deep suspensory-ligament had been cut off for penile lengthening,local pedicaled fasciaadipose flap was designed to fill the depression,the pre-centrifuged autologous granular fat was injected into the space beneath Buck's fascia for penile augmentation.Normal length,pulling penis length,diameter,circumference and complications were evaluated.Results 34 cases were performed and followed up for 3-18 months,both ideal length and diameter increase of penis were achieved.The differences of nomal length,pulling-length,the diameter and circumference were (2.8±0.1) cm,(2.1±0.2) cm,(0.9 ± 0.1) cm,(2.8 ± 0.1) cm,respectively.The common complications included poor wound healing in 4 cases,preputial edema and subcutaneous scleroma in 8 cases for 3 months.Conclusions Autologous granular fat graft for penile augmentation during the lengthening surgery is a reliable and effective method and easy procedure.Detail processing can decrease the complications.
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BACKGROUND:Treatment programs for low back pain are of great varieties, but there is stil no a definite treatment. Pressure biofeedback instrument is a tool to measure abdominal muscle activity, and its reliability in the treatment of low back pain is less reported. OBJECTIVE:To explore the reliability and feasibility of the pressure biofeedback instrument for assessment of low back pain. METHODS:Thirty patients with chronic low back pain were enrol ed and subject to four kinds of postures:posture A was prone position;posture B was supine position with flexion of the knee joints, posture C was supine position with unilateral flexion of the hip and knee joint, posture D was prone position with unilateral shoulder flexion. Intra-abdominal pressure values under the different postures were measured twice within a week in the same subject. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the reliability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Posture A had good test-retest reliability, and the value of ICC was 0.853 (95%confidence interval:0.691-0.930);posture B showed moderate test-retest reliability, and the ICC value was 0.751 (95%confidence interval:0.477-0.882);posture C also had moderate test-retest reliability, and the ICC value was 0.789 (95%confidence interval:0.557-0.900), posture D had good test-retest reliability, and the value of ICC was 0.892 (95%confidence interval:0.641-0.919). Therefore, the pressure biofeedback for evaluation of low back pain has good reliability, which can be used for the evaluation of low back pain.
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Objective To analyze the association between the polymorphism of 5509-5511delCAA in exon4 of Tim-1 gene and the susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in a group of Han population from Yunnan province.Methods The PCR-DNA se-quencing analysis was used to detect the polymorphism of 5509-5511delCAA in exon4 of Tim-1 gene in 196 RA Han nationality pa-tients and 190 individuals of healthy physical examination(control).The ELISA method and indirect immunofluorescence assay was adopted to detect the three related aotuantibodies of RA,including the rheumatoid factors(RF)and the anti-cyclic citrullinated pep-tide(Anti-CCP)and the anti-keratin antibodies(AKA).Results There were statistically significant differences in genotype and al-lele frequency of 5509-5511delCAA between the RA group and the control group(P 0.05 ),but the positive rate of AKA between different genotypes of 5509-5511delCAA in the RA group had statistically significant differences (P <0.05).Conclusion The 5509-5511delCAA site of Tim-1 exon4 has the polymorphic variation,the 5509-5511delCAA genotype maybe related with the genetic susceptibility to RA in Han population of Yunnan province,the different genotypes does not affect the expression of RF and the anti-CCP,but affects the expression of AKA.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of lengthening the short-side albuginea of the bending penis by the allogeneic acellular dermal matrix ( Allo-ADM ) for the treatment of penile curvature.MethodsFrom Jun 2007 to Jun 2010,18 patients with penile curvature due to malformation of the albuginea cavernous body were treated.The age of the patients ranged from 15 to 26 years (mean,20 years).Twelve patients were married.The curvature degree ranged from 30° to 80° (mean,55°).There were 17cases of single curvature and 1 case of complex curvature.The grafts ( Allo-ADM ) of different sizes were sutured to the albuginea at the curvatus side of the penis according to the extent of penile curvature through a circumcision incision.The extent of penile curvature and complications were evaluated postoperatively.ResultsPenile curvature was corrected in all 18 patients after the operation.No infection,hematoma and abnormal erection occurred postoperatively. No erectile dysfunction and penile re-curvature was observed during the follow-up period of 3 to 24 months.ConclusionLengthening the short-side albuginea of the bending penis by Allo-ADM could be a safe and effective way to correct penile curvature.
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Objective To illustrate the details and effects of a new technique of penile augmentation-a dual plane approach to enhance the penile girth with human acellular dermal matrix (ADM)through the incision on the dorsal penile root.Methods Firstly,a reversed V incision was made at the dorsal root of the penis and the superficial suspensory ligament of the penis was released.A Dartos fascia incision was then made and the plan between Dartos fascia and Buck's fascia was dorsally dissected toward the coronary sulcus.A Buck's fascia incision was made 1.5-2 cm from the coronary sulcus and the fascia was undermined distally.One or two sheets of ADM was dorsally placed by a dual plane method which combined partial sub-Buck's fascia plane and partial sub-Dartos fascia plane to enhance the penile circumference.Finally,the Dartos fascia incision was closed and followed by the closure of the wound with V-Y advancement.Results A total of 35 patients underwent dual plane penile augmentation No dorsal penile skin necrosis and exposure of ADM sheet happened in our group postoperatively.25 patients were followed from 6 to 24 months after operation.All patients were satisfied with their penile appearance and 21 married patients reported satisfied sexual activity.The increase of penile circumference was (2.65±0.41) cm at flaccid state and (1.85±0.35) cm at erectile state 6 months postoperatively.No pleat or absorb of the ADM sheet,losses of sensitivity of the penis occurred during the follow-up period.Conclusions By adjusting the plane of ADM placement,the dual plane penile augmentation ensures adequate soft-tissue coverage and sufficient blood supply of penile skin and offers increased benefits and fewer tradeoffs compared with a single plane.This technique could be an effective way to lengthen and enlarge the penis in one stage without major complication.
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Objective To discuss the surgical techniques and efficacy of a new method of breast treatment of hypermastia. Methods From January 2009 to February 2011, a series of 15 patients underwent a new technique for reduction mammaplasty. This technique involved a superomedial pedicle nipple-areolar complex (NAC). Results In our series, the resection weight per breast was (522. 9±218.3) g and the new nipple-to-sternal-notch distance was (21.7± 1.74) cm postoperatively. Mean nipple elevation was 8. 5cm (range, 4-16 cm). There were no hematoma and partial or complete NAC necroses occurred in our series. Minimal wound dehiscence occurred in one case ( 6.7 % ). Thirteen patients were followed up for 6 to 18 months. NAC sensibilities were comparable before and after operation, and good breast shapes were produced in all cases. Conclusion The superomedial pedicle technique provides good results with respect to NAC viability and sensibility, breast contour and last superomedial fullness.
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Objective To analyze the efficacy of kaolin intake amount as an index for motion sickness (MS)induced by different motion patterns stimulating the vestibular receptors of rats.Methods Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups.Three groups were subjected to one of the following stimulations,respectively-linear acceleration along either the interaural axis(IA)or body axis (AP),and double rotation(DR)stimulation.Other 2 groups were used as control.Kaolin intake was recorded for consecutive 6 d,3 d before and 3 d after stimulation,and the data were statistically analyzed.Results It was found that:1)following IA,AP and DR stimulations,25%,17% and 58% of the rats in each group increased mean kaolin intake by 1 g in the 3 d phase post-stimulation compared with that in the same duration of pre-stimulation,respectively;2)in contrast to some prewous reports,the present observation showed that high Ievel of kaolin intake post-stimulation may persist for more than one day.Conclusion All 3 tvpes of stimulation methods can serve as ways of specifically stimulating vestibular end-organs to induce kaolin intake increase,and double rotation iS the most effective.
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To investigate the relationship of the rotation stimulation with motion sickness, the expression of Fos protein in the whole brain of the rat stimulated by complex double rotation on two axes was observed in the present study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal contral group; double-axes rotation stimulation group; the bilateral labyrinthectomy group; group of two-axes rotation stimulation after the bilateral labyrinthectomy. Immunohistochemical staining method was used to detect the expression of Fos protein in different regions of whole brain of the rat. The present results showed that: (1) No Fos-like immunoreactivity was detected in the brain of the rats in control group and the bilateral labyrinthectomy group; (2) In the double-axes rotation stimulation group, the Fos-like immunoreactive neurons were observed in many regions of the brain and brainstem of the rats following complex double-axes rotation stimulation, and the Fos-immunoreactivities were expressed in the nucleus. These Fos-immunopositive neurons were intensively distributed in different subnuclei of the vestibular nucleus complex (including medial, superior and spinal nuclei), nucleus of the solitary tract, locus coeruleus, medial and lateral parabrachial nucleus of the brainstem, paraventricular nucleus of the diencephalons and the amygdala of the limbic system; (3) The expression of Fos protein can be scarcely detected around forementioned regions in brains of the rats following complex two-axes rotation stimulation after the bilateral labyrinthectomy. The present results suggest that the double-axes rotation stimulation can activate effectively the vestibular neurons and many neurons of other region of the brain and brainstem are further activated through direct or indirect connections with vestibular nuclei after complex double rotation stimulation. These activated neurons may be related to the complex mechanism of the motion sickness.
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With the aim to examine the distribution of high-affinity neurotrophin receptors (tyrosine kinase receptors, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC)in the rat Scapa's ganglion ( vestibular ganglion, VG), Avidin-Biotin-peroxidase Complex ( ABC ) method of immunohistochemistry with diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen to identify the immunoreactivities was employed in the present study. The results showed that many VG neurons were immunoreactive to each Trk isoform. The receptors were localized in the neuronal somata. The intensity of immunoreactivity for each Trk receptor was different among neurons, ranging from weak, moderate to intense. For each individual Trk receptors, the labelled neurons were of different size; the result sfatistical of analysis showed that the mean areas for neurons immunoreative to TrkA, B and C were 330.8 ± 7.6, 303.89 ± 10.6 and 355.05 ± 8.3 μm2 , respectively. The present study provids morphological substrate for the important roles played by Trk receptors in maintaining the survival and stabilizing the phenotype of VG neurons.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo) following mandibular nerve transection. The expression of CGRP and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days post-axotomy (dpa) by using immunohistochemical and double-immunofluorescence histochemical methods. And the number of CGRP-positive surviving motoneurons was examined by using image analysis system. The present results showed that there was a "biphasic" up-regulation of CGRP-immunoreactivity at 3 and 35 dpa on the ipsilateral side of the Vmo, and significant changes were also observed on the contralateral side. Quantitative analysis revealed that there was almost no loss of motoneurons in the Vmo but there was an evident increase in GFAP expression around the Vmo neurons on the ipsilateral side after axotomy. The present results suggest that the up-regulation of CGRP may exert its trophic effects in both the acute stress reaction and the recovery of the injured motoneurons, and the activated astrocytes may be well involved in this process.
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Immunofluorescence histochemistry combined with retrograde tracing technique was employed to observe the effects of masseteric nerve transection on the expression of Trk ( tropomyosin-related kinase) receptor proteins, namely TrkA, TrkB and TrkC in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus ( Me5 ) of the rat. At 7 and 14 days following transection of masseteric nerve through which Fluorogold (FG) was applied to identify the Me5 neurons innervating masseter, brain sections were immunohistochemically processed to detect the three Trk isoforms in FG-labeled Me5 neurons. With the percentage of double-labeled neurons to the total number of FG-labeled neurons as the index,we demonstrated ( 1 ) a significant increase in the percentage of TrkA-immunoreactive (IR) Me5 neurons at both 7 and 14 days after nerve transection, (2) no significant, but gradual, increase in the percentage of TrkB-IR Me5 neruons with longer survival time post transection and ( 3 ) little change of TrkC expression. The current findings indicate that axotomy differently affected the expression of the individual Trk receptors and these expression patterns may reflect an adaptation of the Me5 neurons to the peripheral nerve injury.
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Objective To observe the connections between the glutamic acid decarboxylase\|like immunoreactive(GAD\|LI) axonal terminals and the positive neurons showing phosphate actived glutaminase(PAG)\|LI or GABA\-A\|receptor ?3 subunit (GABA\-AR?3)\|LI and parvalbumin(PV)\|LI in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus(Vme) of the rat. Methods The triple\|immunofluoresence histochemical staining techniques were used in the present study,and stained sections were observed under a confocal laser\|scanning microscope. Results Many neuronal cell bodies through the whole rostrocaudal extent of Vme were showed dense GABA\-AR?3\|,PAG\| and PV\|like immunoreactivities,respectively.The majority of them were large pseudounipolar neurons(diameter 25\|50?m).About 90% of PAG\|LI neurons expressed both GABA\-AR?3\|LI and PV\|LI.Confocal laser\|scanning microscope further revealed that dense GAD\|LI axonal varicosities were found to surround the somata of Vme neurons showing both GABA\-AR?3\| and PAG\|like immunoreactivities,and formed the close contact each other.Conclusion\ The present results suggested that the GABAergic axonal terminals projecting to Vme might exert inhibitory regulation and control effect through GABA\-AR?3 subunit localizated in somata of Vme neurons on the transmission of orofacial region proprioceptive sensory information mediated by glutamate.
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Objective The immunocytochemical localizations of GABA\-A\| and GABA\-B\|receptor in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus(Vme) of the rat were examined in order to provide morphological evidence for a possible functional analysis of GABA\|receptor in the transmission and modulation of the orofacial region trigeminal proprioceptive sensory information. Methods An immunocytochemical staining method was used in the present study,and immunostained sections were observed under light microscope. Results Many neuronal cell bodies,fibers and terminals with dense GABA\-A\| and GABA\-B\|receptor\|like immunoreactivity(\|LI) were observed to be localized in Vme,and different subunits of GABA\|receptor\|LI showed the morphological difference in their distribution:1.Immunoreactivity for GABA\-B R1 subunit was intensely distributed in the cell bodies of Vme neurons,whereas the weak immunoreactivity for GABA\-BR2 subunit was only observed in the region surrounding the somata of Vme neurons which showed negative GABA\-BR2\|LI;2.A considerable number of GABA\-A\|like immunoreactive neurons,fibers and terminals were also found in Vme.It was involved four kinds of subunits(?1,?2,?3 and ?).The heavy immunoreactivity for GABA\-AR?1 and GABA\-AR?3 subunits were only seen in the cell bodies of Vme neurons.On the other hand,the immunoreactivity for GABA\-AR?2 and GABA\-AR? subunits was only observed in the fibers and terminals in the region surrounding the somata of Vme neurons,which showed negative immunoreactivity for above subunits;3.Dense GABA\-BR2\|,GABA\-AR?2\| and GABA\-AR?\|LI fibers and terminals surround the somata of Vme neurons,especially for GABA\-AR?2\|LI.Conclusion\ The present results suggest that there are some differences in the distribution of the various subunits of GABA\-A\| and GABA\-B\|receptor in Vme.It is likely that the inhibitory regulation and control effects of GABAergic terminals on the transmission of orofacial region proprioceptive sensory information might be mainly mediated through GABA\-AR?1 and GABA\-AR?3 subunits in somata of Vme neurons.