ABSTRACT
Background: The use of liquid vaporizers as residential insecticides to control the problem of mosquito bites and to prevent adult, newborns and children from deadly vector borne diseases like Malaria, Dengue and chikungunya etc. is ever increasing. These products contain pyrethroid and emit parallethrin vapours when put to use at home. There are numerous side effects of these vapours like allergic sinusitis, difficulty in respiration, sleep disturbance, giddiness, headache, body ache and lethargy but the market for these product decides the outcome of all the research concerned with its safety. Histological studies can establish their toxic effects on Spinal Cord, cervical and lumbar enlargements in the White and Grey matter that forms structural continuity with the CNS. Accordingly the present study was planned to assess the safety of pyrethroid based mosquito repellent inhalational use and the histological insult to the spinal cord of Albino rats. Methods: Total of twenty albino rats were equally divided into control and experimental group. The experimental group was exposed to 3.2% w/v prallethrin vapours for total of 12 hours per day for 180 days. The control group rats was exposed to identical situation but without any exposure. The albino rats were sacrificed after the study period of exposure of 180 days. Spinal cord dissected., tissue processed, sectioned and stained with haematoxylin, eosin and thionin. Results: Grey matter of the spinal cord at cervical and lumbar enlargement showed numerous vacuoles with lightly stained cell body of neurons and Nissl’s dissolution with occasional inflammatory cells. Conclusions: Neurohistological study, inhalational route, neurotoxicity, adult albino rats, prallethrin vapours, spinal cord.
ABSTRACT
@#Rapid detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, allows for timely initiation of appropriate treatment and better clinical outcomes. In the current gold standard, the culture method is time consuming and suffers from low sensitivity. Meanwhile, previously reported molecular assays are fast and sensitive, but their performance on isolates from Malaysia, an endemic region of melioidosis is under reported. This study designed oligonucleotides targeting orf2 of Type III secretion system (TTSS) genes cluster for the detection of Malaysian B. pseudomallei isolates and evaluated the assay on 95 local B. pseudomallei strains, 58 other microorganisms and 71 clinical specimens from patients. The developed assay exclusively detected all tested B. pseudomallei isolates with a detection limit of 20 fg per reaction (equivalent to ~2.5 copies). Subsequent testing on clinical samples showed that the assay detected all confirmed specimens with the growth of B. pseudomallei (n = 10/10). None of the negative specimens had a detectable signal of our TTSS-orf2 assay (n = 0/61). In conclusion, the present study provides crucial preliminary data for a subsequent study and should be considered as a potential alternative to current time-consuming culture method for the detection of B. pseudomallei.
ABSTRACT
Background: There has been an ever increasing use of liquid vaporizers as residential insecticides to get rid of the problem of mosquito and as a concern shown towards prevention of increasing cases of vector borne diseases. Adverse impact of these chemicals are many including giddiness, nausea, headache, body ache, lethargy and dizziness but the current research on the safety of these chemical compounds is market driven and proper histological studies that can establish their toxic effects on cerebellar cortex which acts as higher centre of coordination, balance and learning are rare. Accordingly the present study was planned to look into the claim of safety of these inhalational compounds and to establish the correlation, if any between pyrethroid based mosquito repellent inhalational use and the histological insult to the cerebellum of Albino rats. Methods: Total of twenty albino rats were marked into groups marked as control and experimental. The exposure of experimental group was carried out to 3.2% w/v prallethrin vapours for total of 12 hours in a day and continued for 180 days. The Albino rats in control group were put in similar surroundings but without exposure to any mosquito repellent. The albino rats were killed after completing exposure of 180 days. The rats brain was dissected and Cerebellum was taken out. Tissue processing and sectioning done and finally stained wusing haematoxylin, eosin and thionin stains. Results: Outer molecular and inner granular layer of cerebellum showed areas of degeneration with disruption and decreased density of cells in Purkinje cell layer. Conclusions: The findings of the study do confirms that mosquito repellents given by inhalational route leads to toxic insult as evident in this study on Albino rats on long term exposure of 180 days as shown by histological alterations in the sections of cerebellar cortex of rat CNS.
ABSTRACT
Background: Pelvic dimensions display considerable individual, sexual and racial differences. Fetal pelvis has been utilized for sex determination as well as for prediction of congenital anomalies such as Down’s syndrome. Congenital anomalies diagnosed during intrauterine life are sometimes very useful especially if it could be corrected because such crucial step will lead to normal development of fetuses. Many congenital abnormalities might directly involve the pubic symphyseal region. Developmental details and morphometric measurements of this joint in fetuses remain unknown or poorly documented. Methods: The study was conducted in the department of anatomy J.N. Medical College. A.M.U. Aligarh, on 41 human foetuses, which were divided into five groups according to the gestational age. Group I comprises foetuses of 14–18 weeks, group II 19–22 weeks, group III 23–26 weeks, group IV 27–30 weeks and group V more than 30 weeks. Vertical height and antero-posterior thickness of the isolated pubic symphysis was measured. Different dimensions of pubic symphysis. Pattern of growth of pubic symphysis were compared with gestational age. Results: Anterior and posterior vertical height and thickness of pubic symphysis at all the three levels i.e. upper, middle and lower grew constantly throughout intrauterine life. Different measurements of pubic symphysis showed variable growth rates in different groups of foetuses. Conclusion: The present morphometrical study on foetuses gives baseline dimensions of the symphysis at different gestational age, which can hint towards one of the many congenital anomalies afflicting it.
ABSTRACT
Seven hundred subjects with breast cancer malignancies were followed up in time from December 1994 to December 2002 to determine survival distributions between sub-groups of breast cancer patients who had undergone surgical resection of the tumor followed by adjuvant treatment. Tumor size, nodal status, and Estrogen Receptor (ER) status at the time of presentation were ascertained. Tumors were classified according to the TNM system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), sixth edition, and grouped into T1/T2 and T3/T4; lymph nodes were categorized as N0 (node-negative) and N1, N2, and N3 combined (node-positive). The endpoint of interest for disease-free survival was relapse, and for overall survival, it was death. The Wilcoxon statistics for testing the equality of disease-free survival distributions between groups of patients with tumor size greater than 5 versus less than or equal to 5 cm, node-positive versus node-negative, and ER-positive versus ER-negative were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). For overall survival, substantial differences were found between groups of patients stratified according to tumor diameter and nodal involvement, but none for ER status.