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As an industrial chemical， bisphenol A is widely used in various food packaging materials. However， it is an endocrine disrupting chemical， which has estrogen activity and can cause certain damage to humans. So far， there are few studies on the detection of bisphenol A in self-heating food packaging materials， and there remains a lack of relevant standard. Therefore， it is necessary to establish a simple， sensitive and efficient method for the detection of bisphenol A in self-heating food. This study briefly introduces the pretreatment methods of bisphenol A， such as ultrasonic extraction， solid phase extraction， accelerated solvent extraction， and detection methods， such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry， high performance liquid chromatography， fluorescent detection， and electrochemical detection.
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Objective:To explore the effect of Rho kinase inhibitor on intestinal injury in septic rats and its possible mechanism.Methods:Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group), Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 control group (Y+Sham group), sepsis model group [cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group] and Y-27632 pretreatment group (Y+CLP group), with 8 rats in each group. Rat sepsis model was reproduced by CLP. The rats in the Sham group and Y+Sham group were only separated and moved the cecum without ligation and perforation. The rats in the Y+Sham group and Y+CLP group were pretreated with intraperitoneal injection of Y-27632 solution 5 mg/kg 15 minutes before operation; the rats in the Sham group and CLP group were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Twenty-four hours after operation, the heart blood was collected and the serum diamine oxidase (DAO) content was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then the small intestine tissue was collected, the pathological changes of the intestinal tissue were observed under the light microscope after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and Chiu's score was performed. The positive expressions of Rho-related coiled-coil kinase 1 (ROCK1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in intestinal tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. ELISA was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in intestinal tissue homogenate.Results:The intestinal tissue structure of the Sham group and Y+Sham group was intact and the mucosa was arranged neatly. Compared with the Sham group, the intestinal mucosa of the CLP group was arranged disorderly, with a large number of inflammatory cells infiltration, and the Chiu's score was significantly increased (3.83±0.27 vs. 0.12±0.11, P < 0.05), indicating that those rats suffered from septic intestinal injury. Compared with the CLP group, the degree of necrosis of intestinal epithelial cells in the Y+CLP group was reduced, a small amount of inflammatory cells infiltration was seen, and the Chiu's score was significantly decreased (2.85±0.21 vs. 3.83±0.27, P < 0.05), indicating that Y-27632 pretreatment could alleviate intestinal injury in septic rats. Compared with the Sham group, the positive expressions of intestinal tissue ROCK1 and NF-κB, the contents of serum DAO and intestinal homogenate TNF-α in the CLP group were significantly increased [ROCK1 expression ( A value): 0.19 (0.18, 0.22) vs. 0.10 (0.09, 0.11), NF-κB expression ( A value): 0.40±0.02 vs. 0.15±0.01, DAO (ng/L): 287.81±23.31 vs. 144.92±17.72, TNF-α (ng/L): 101.08±5.62 vs. 74.81±5.56, all P < 0.05], the level of intestinal homogenate IL-10 was significantly decreased (μg/L: 55.16±5.20 vs. 95.95±7.53, P < 0.05). Compared with the CLP group, the positive expressions of intestinal tissue ROCK1, NF-κB, the contents of serum DAO and intestinal homogenate TNF-α in the Y+CLP group were significantly decreased [ROCK1 expression ( A value): 0.15 (0.13, 0.18) vs. 0.19 (0.18, 0.22), NF-κB expression ( A value): 0.28±0.01 vs. 0.40±0.02, DAO (ng/L): 243.34±19.76 vs. 287.81±23.31, TNF-α (ng/L): 90.41±8.79 vs. 101.08±5.62, all P < 0.05], while the level of intestinal homogenate IL-10 was significantly increased (μg/L: 66.15±5.74 vs. 55.16±5.20, P < 0.05), indicating that the protective effect of Y-27632 pretreatment on sepsis intestinal injury rats might be related to the regulation of RhoA/ROCK1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusion:Rho kinase inhibitors can reduce intestinal injury in septic rats, and the mechanism may be related to inhibiting RhoA/ROCK1/NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing intestinal inflammation in septic rats.
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AIM: To investigate the effect of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 on acute liver injury in sepsis. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy adult male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group), sham operation+Y-27632 group (Sham+Y group), cecal ligation and perforation group (CLP group) and CLP+Y-27632 group (CLP+Y-27632 group), 8 animals in each group. The rat sepsis model was established by the CLP method, and the rat was euthanized 24 hours after the model was established, and the serum and liver tissue were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the liver tissue of the rats in each group; Western Blot was used to detect the expressions of ROCK1 and downstream NF-κB proteins in the liver tissue of the rats in each group; immunohistochemical method The expression of ROCK1 protein in liver tissue of rats was detected; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect the levels of serum liver function indexes ALT and AST, and the changes of IL-18, IL-10 and GSH contents in liver tissue homogenate. RESULTS: Compared with the Sham group, there was no significant change in the histopathology of the liver in the Sham+Y group. In the CLP group, the arrangement of hepatocytes was disordered, with a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrating. Compared with the Sham group, the expression of ROCK1 protein in the CLP and CLP+Y groups was increased (P0.05); compared with the CLP group, the content of IL-18 in the CLP+Y group was decreased (P<0.05), and the content of IL-10 and GSH was increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Rho kinase inhibitor can alleviate acute liver injury in septic rats, which may be related to inhibiting the expression of ROCK1 and NF-κB proteins, reducing the inflammatory response of liver tissue, and reducing the level of liver oxidative stress.
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Objective@#To evaluate the effect of ticagrelor on plasma P-selectin (CD62P) concentration during acute kidney injury in septic rats.@*Methods@#Thirty SPF healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 180-220 g, were divided into 3 groups(n=10 each)using a random number table method: sham operation group (group S), sepsis group (group Sep) and ticagrelor group (group T). Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture in anesthetized rats.The abdomen was opened after anesthesia induction and then closed after turning the intestines in group S. Ticagrelor 8.6 mg/kg was given through a gastric tube into stomach at 12 h after establishing the model in group T, while the equal volume of distilled water was given instead in S and Sep groups.Blood samples were collected from hearts at 24 h after establishing the model for determination of the concentrations of Scr and plasma CD62P.The rats were then sacrificed, and bilateral renal tissues were taken for examination of pathological changes and for determination of cell apoptosis by fluorescence microscopy after Annexin/V-FITC double staining was performed.@*Results@#Compared with group S, the concentrations of Scr and plasma CD62P, renal Paller score and apoptosis rate of renal cells were significantly increased in Sep and T groups (P<0.05). Compared with group Sep, the concentrations of Scr and plasma CD62P, renal Paller score and apoptosis rate of renal cells were significantly decreased in group T (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The mechanism by which ticagrelor reduces acute kidney injury is related to decreasing plasma CD62P concentrations and inhibiting cell apoptosis in septic rats.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of ticagrelor on plasma P-selectin(CD62P)concentra-tion during acute kidney injury in septic rats.Methods Thirty SPF healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 180-220 g,were divided into 3 groups(n＝10 each)using a random number table method: sham operation group(group S),sepsis group(group Sep)and ticagrelor group(group T).Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture in anesthetized rats.The abdomen was opened after anesthesia in-duction and then closed after turning the intestines in group S.Ticagrelor 8.6 mg/kg was given through a gas-tric tube into stomach at 12 h after establishing the model in group T,while the equal volume of distilled wa-ter was given instead in S and Sep groups.Blood samples were collected from hearts at 24 h after establishing the model for determination of the concentrations of Scr and plasma CD62P.The rats were then sacrificed,and bilateral renal tissues were taken for examination of pathological changes and for determination of cell ap-optosis by fluorescence microscopy after Annexin/V-FITC double staining was performed.Results Compared with group S,the concentrations of Scr and plasma CD62P,renal Paller score and apoptosis rate of renal cells were significantly increased in Sep and T groups(P＜0.05).Compared with group Sep,the concentra-tions of Scr and plasma CD62P,renal Paller score and apoptosis rate of renal cells were significantly de-creased in group T(P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which ticagrelor reduces acute kidney injury is related to decreasing plasma CD62P concentrations and inhibiting cell apoptosis in septic rats.
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Objective@#To compare different specimen types of lung adenocarcinoma in the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and to correlate EGFR mutations with patient clinical features.@*Methods@#One hundred lung adenocarcinoma cases were collected from June to December in 2015, at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University.Of the 100 lung adenocarcinoma samples, 43 were male and 57 were female. The age was from 40 to 88 years old, and the average age was 66 years. One hundred lung adenocarcinoma cases were divided equally into two groups. Mutation analysis of EGFR gene by real-time PCR was performed using biopsied tissue and paired blood samples in one group (n=50) and using pleural effusion and paired blood samples in the other group (n=50).@*Results@#The mutation rate of EGFR gene in biopsy samples was 54% (27/50) , higher than that of blood samples (46%, 23/50), but without statistical differences (χ2=0.640, P=0.424). In contrast, mutation rate of EGFR gene in pleural effusion samples (42%, 21/50) was higher than that of blood samples (34%, 17/50), but without statistical differences(χ2=0.679, P=0.409). Two patients had EGFR mutation detected in paired blood samples but not in the corresponding biopsy samples, and four patients had EGFR mutation detected in pleural effusion samples but not in their paired blood samples. The mean progression-free survival of patients with detectable EGFR mutation were 9.5 months (tissue samples), 8.6 months (pleural effusion) and 8.5 months (blood). However, there was no statistical difference.@*Conclusions@#Blood samples may be used to assess EGFR mutations for patients with lung adenocarcinoma. However, further studies are needed to improve the sensitivity and accuracy in the detection of EGFR mutations using blood samples.
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Objective@#To investigate the point mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with non-small cell lung cancers(NSCLC)of Xinjiang region.@*Methods@#Five-hundred and eighty-two cases of paraffin-embedded tissue in patients with NSCLC were collected between January 2013 and December 2015 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. The DNA was extracted from these tissues by Qiagen kit, to test thirty-two mutations in EGFR exons 18, 19, 20 and 21 using fluorescent quantitative qRT-PCR technology by TaqMan probe; the clinicopathologic features of patients were analyzed according to the mutation status of EGFR.@*Results@#There were 173 cases with EGFR gene mutation in 582 cases of paraffin-embedded tissue in patients with NSCLC, and the mutation rate was 29.7%(173/582). There were statistical difference in female patients (50.5%, 98/194), no history of smoking(47.3%, 96/203), high differentiation(6/9), adenosquamous carcinoma(6/11), peripheral location (34.9%, 88/252), and surgical specimens(38.2%, 83/217), respectively (P<0.05). Multiple factors Logistic analysis showed that gender, degree of differentiation, and pathologic types had statistical differences to EGFR when α=0.05. There were no statistical differences between other variants.@*Conclusions@#There are higher rate EGFR gene mutation in women patients, non-smokers, and well-differentiated, adenocarcinoma. Gender, degree of differentiation and pathological patterns are independent influencing factors on EGFR mutation status.
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Nerve injury as a kind of tissue damage, inevitably stimulates nerve tissue inflammatory reaction, mediates neural tissue repair and regeneration, and participates in the occurrence of chronic pain. The high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in neurological pain plays an important role, HMGB1-TLR4 pathway is involved in the initiation and progression of neuropathy pain. If the mechanism of HMGB1-TLR4 pathway in the neurological pain is identified, it can provide an effective pain-relieving methods and new target for drugs.
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Objective To discuss the prenatal ultrasound manifestations of intrauterine intussusception.Methods An analysis of prenatal ultrasound findings and postnatal features was performed on five cases of fetuses with intrauterine intussusception that were identified by ultrasonography at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,in the period of January 2014 to December 2016.Results The 5 fetuses with intrauterine intussusception were diagnosed based on the typical "target sign","telescope sign","doughnut sign" and "crescent-in-doughnut sign "in ultrasonography.Indirect and non-specificultrasonographic signs included dilatation of intestine and ascites.Three cases of emergency caesarian section were performed,and infants underwent surgeries.The intraoperative findings confirmed the prenatal diagnosis,and postoperativelythe infantsrecovered uneventfully.In another 2 cases,whichwere suspected the presence of meconium peritonitis,fetus prematurely bomvia a spontaneous vaginal delivery,and the intraoperative findings confirmed the prenatal diagnosis.However,intestinal atresia occurred,and the neonates died postoperatively.Conclusions Fetuses with intrauterine intussusceptionshad characteristic "target sign","telescope sign","doughnut sign" and "crescent-in-doughnut sign" in ultrasonography.Ultrasonography may be used as the first choice for prenatal diagnosis of this disease.Prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine intussusception can provide guidance for clinical obstetrical management and postnatal treatment.
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Objective To evaluate the correlation between three-dimensional histogram vascular indexes of ovarian tumors and microvessel density (MVD).Methods Fifty-seven patients with ovarian cystic-solid or solid masses from Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Capital Medical University were evaluated by three-dimensional (3D) power ultrasound within one week before surgery from January 2008 to December 2009.We captured 3D power imaging in the interested and solid areas of tumors,and used three-dimensional histogram from virtual organ computer-aid analysis (VOCAL) to calculate vascularization index (Ⅵ),flow index (FI) and vascularization-flow index (VFI).After operation the specimens underwent immunohistochemistry staining and MVD and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were calculated.Two independent-samples t tests were used to compare MVD between ovarian benign and malignant tumors.Rank sum test was used to compare VEGF.Spearman was used to analyze the relationship between 3D PD vascular indices and MVD.Results Sixty-two ovarian masses in 57 patients were confirmed by pathology (5 cases were bilateral tumors),including 22 benign and forty malignant messes (including eight borderline tumors).Fifty-four tumors underwent immunohistochemistry staining.MVD and VEGF were calculated.Both of MVD and VEGF in ovarian malignant tumors were obviously higher than those in benign ones (t=-5.255,Z=-3.868,both P ＜ 0.01).Both of Ⅵ and VFI were positive correlative to MVD (r=0.295,0.280,both P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions There was a positive correlation between vascular indexes and microvessel density.The vascular indexes could reflect the density of angiogenesis in ovarian tumors before surgery,and they could provide valuable information for early-stage diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
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Objective Early clinical symptoms of esophageal cancer are often not obvious , so a deeper insight into tumor markers is very important for the early diagnosis of esophageal cancer .This study was to investigate the expressions of Rock 2 and Wnt11 in the specific esophageal cancer cell lines Eca-109 and HEEC and the relationship of the signal transduction pathway of proteins with the development of esophageal cancer . Methods Esophageal cancer cell lines Eca-109 and HEEC were cultured and the expression levels of Rock2 and Wnt11 in the cell lines were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot . Results The mRNA expressions of Rock2 and Wnt11 were significantly increased in the Eca-109 as compared with those in the HEEC cell line (4.955± 0.539 vs 1.000±0.000, P<0.01;2.925±0.230 vs 1.000±0.000, P<0.01), and so were the protein expressions of Rock 2 and Wnt11 (955.000±21.628 vs 778.844±102.193, P<0.05;2175.316±145.623 vs 1312.233±50.734, P<0.05). Conclusion The up-regula-ted expressions of Rock 2 and Wint11 may be the markers of the metastasis of esophageal squamous cancer .
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Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on lipid peroxidation during lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Fifty-four pathogen-free healthy male Wistar rats,weighing 250-350 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=18 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),I/R group,and dexmedetomidine group (Dex group).In group Dex,dexmedetomidine 5 μg/kg was injected via the caudal vein once a day for 2 consecutive days.The equal volume of normal saline was given in S and I/R groups.At 30 min after administration on 2nd day,lung I/R was produced by clamping the left hilum of lung for 45 min followed by 120 min of reperfusion in I/R and Dex groups.At 45 min of ischemia,and 60 and 120 min of reperfusion,6 rats selected from each group were sacrificed,and the left lungs were removed for examination of the pathological changes and for determination of wet/dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio),malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.Results Compared with S group,the SOD activity was significantly decreased,and the MDA content and W/D ratio were significantly increased at 60 and 120 min of reperfusion in I/R and Dex groups (P＜0.05).Compared with I/R group,the SOD activity was significantly increased,and the MDA content and W/D ratio were significantly decreased at 60 and 120 min of reperfusion in Dex group (P＜0.05).The pathological changes of lungs were significantly attenuated in Dex group as compared with I/R group.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine mitigates lung I/R injury through inhibiting lipid peroxidation in rats.
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Objective The clinical value of ifrst-trimester standard ultrasound views in screening for fetal structural abnormalities. Methods From September 2008 to March 2011, transabdominal sonographic screening by standard ultrasound views was performed in 3 134 viable singleton pregnancies during the ifrst trimester at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. Used the following views:(1) Fetal proifle;(2) Neck sagittal;(3) Skull and brain;(4) Thorax;(5) Abdomen;(6) Bladder;(7) Upper limbs, and (8) Lower limbs. The women underwent 20-to 24-week and 28-to 32-week ultrasound examination if the anatomical survey was normal during the ifrst trimester. Follow-up was obtained by reviewing of the birth records from hospital charts. Results Sixteen prenatal abnormalities were detected at 11-to 13-week scan (including one case of encephalocele and meningoceles, one case of endothelial cushion defect and single umbilical artery, one case of ectopia cordis, gastroschisis, and spinal abnormalities, two cases of exencephaly, one case of anencephaly, one case of gastroschisis and lower limb malformation, two cases of omphalocele, one case of encephalocele, ectopia cordis, and gastroschisis, one case of single ventricle, one case of endothelial cushion defect, four cases of hyhrop). All of the 13 women decided on termination of pregnancy. Three suspected structural abnormalities (hydrops) detected at the ifrst-trimester scan were found as normal after birth. Seven cases were diagnosed at 20-to 24-week scan (including one case of dextrocardiac and double outlet right ventricle;two cases of endothelial cushion defects;one case of trisomy 21 with VSD;one case of omphalocele, one case of short ulna and radial with wrist distortion, and one case of club foot). One case of diaphragmatic hernia was detected at 32-week scan. Two cases (one case of cardiac defects and one case of ear deformity) were identified after birth. Of all the 3 134 fetuses, follow-up was obtained in 2 822 cases, 312 cases were excluded from the analysis because the outcome of their pregnancy could not be traced. Twenty-three fetuses with at least one major structural defect detected by prenatal ultrasonography were confirmed by follow-up. The sensitivity of the standard first-trimester ultrasound views was 56.5%(13/23), speciifcity was 99.9%(2 796/2 799), CR was 99.6%(2 812/2 822), and the false negative rate was 43.5%(10/23). Conclusions The standard views of the ifrst trimester are feasible and effective in screening the major fetal abnormalities including exencephaly, anencephaly, gastroschisis, omphalocele, ectopia cordis and single ventricle. However, ultrasound screening in early pregnancy still has some limitations, continuous scanning in different stages of pregnancy is necessary.
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Background and purpose:Struma ovarii is a rare tumor, especially with extraovarian spreading. The study aimed to investigate the clinical and pathological features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ovarian goiter. Methods:Clinical and pathological features of 14 cases of benign and malignant ovarian goiter were observed. Immunohistochemical EnVision staining, PCR-DNA sequencing and review of related literature were also used. Results:In 14 cases of benign and malignant ovarian goiter, the average age of onset is 45.6 years (18-71 years old), and pelvic tumor is the main clinical manifestation. According to the related literature of diagnostic criteria, 12 cases are struma ovarii, which is consisted of hyperplasia of the thyroid tissue under microscopic examination, 1 case is malignant struma ovarii, which is papillary thyroid carcinoma by microscopic presentation, and 1 case is highly differentiated follicular carcinoma of ovarian origin (HDFCO), which is histological benign by microscopic presentation, but is malignant by biological behavior. Conclusion:Struma ovarii is a rare ovarian mondemal teratoma, with low rate of malignant change and beyond ovarian lesions disseminated microscopic histological benign struma ovarii is lower incidence, which has unique clinical and pathological features. Comprehensively considering the related literatures, this study indicates that the disease is in accordance with HDFCO. Struma ovarii prognosis is good, and should be differentiated from carcinoid and granular cell tumor.
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ObjectiveTo diagnose and classify 249 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) according to the WHO standards.MethodsAccording to the WHO standards,cell morphology,cytogenetics,immune phenotype and bone marrow pathologic biopsy in 249 cases of MDS were analyzed.ResultsGreat shape and oval cell of mature erythrocyte could be observed in all MDS patients peripheral blood. The incidence of immature erythrocyte,immature granulocyte,pelger-like abnormal nucleus and neutrophils cells without granular increased with subtypes progressing.These abnormal characteristics and proportion tended to more apparent with MDS subtypes progressing.With the dynamic follow-up,we found the rate of MDS transition to AL increased with subtypes progressing(P＜0.05 ).The immune phenotype analysis of 148 patients was undertook and found that the trend to express myeloid specific antigen (CD33) increased gradually with subtypes progressing The chromosome inspection in 138 patients was undertook and found that 53 patients (38.7 ％ with abnormal karyotype,mainly in 20q- and +8;16 cases with complex abnormal karyotype (28 ％), two patients in 5q-. 180 patients were underwent bone marrow biopsy at the same time and found that 19 patients with abnormal morphology;42 patients with bone marrow fibrosis.ConclusionsCombining with multiple index to detect the MDS contributes to the classification and diagnosis more accuratcly and long-term follow-up helps to judgment the prognosis.
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Objective To analyze the causes and possible mechanisms of vertigo for emergency,and to discuss the diagnosis and therapy methods.Furthermore, the possible effective preventions were suggested.Methods 86 elderly patients with vertigo for emergency were enrolled to analyze the causes through symptoms,signs and accessory examinations.Results The majority of the patients fell within the age range between 60～69 ,it occurred more frequently in female patients than in male.The main causes were cervical vertebra disease,hypertension atherosclerosis,acute cerebrovascular disease,hyperlipidemia,diabetes mellitus and autonomous nerve function disorder.Conclusion The mechanisms which induce vertigo in elderly patients are concerned with disturbance of vertebra-basal and blood supply system.It is not only resulted from single disease,but also from several factors.Moreover,it often co-exist with multi-diseases, which shows that symptomatic treatment is still the essential method for curing vertigo in elderly patients for emergency.