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Osteoporosis （OP） is a systemic metabolic bone disease. Amid population aging， OP has become a major health problem for the middle-aged and the elderly in China. Aging， iron load， and estrogen deficiency break the balance between oxidation and antioxidant systems， and the increase of reactive oxygen species mediates oxidative stress to damage DNA， lipids， proteins and other macromolecules， thus accelerating cell apoptosis and inducing OP， obesity， and neurodegenerative disorders. It has been found that oxidative stress is of great significance in the pathogenesis of OP. Oxidative stress regulates the signaling pathways， cytokines， and proteins related to the mesenchymal stem cells， osteoblasts， and osteoclasts， thereby weakening the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells， inhibiting osteoblast mineralization， and promoting the activation， proliferation， and maturation of osteoclasts. As a result， the dynamic imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation occurs， influencing bone remodeling and promoting the progression of OP. At the moment， anti-bone resorption drugs， bone formation-promoting drugs， and hormones are mainly used in clinical settings in western medicine. However， due to the long treatment cycle and the occurrence of serious gastrointestinal reactions， hypocalcemia， osteonecrosis， and others， patients show poor compliance and thus the effect is not as expected. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） demonstrates remarkable effect on OP attributing to the multi-pathway and multi-target characteristics. With low price and few adverse reactions， TCM is widely applied in clinical practice in comparison with western medicine. TCM has unique advantages in the treatment of OP by regulating oxidative stress. It exerts the therapeutic effect on OP by modulating different signaling pathways， providing new mindset for the treatment of this disease. Therefore， through literature research， this study summarized the research on mechanism of oxidative stress in OP and the treatment by TCM， which is expected to lay a foundation for further research.
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Objective To investigate the effect of platelet-rich plasma(PRP) on starting of AnxA1 gene and PPARγ gene of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in rabbit.Methods Epididymal adipose tissue stem cells from New Zealand white rabbits,and the cells identified by morphology and inducing differentiation,the cells were cultured to the fourth generation,PRP and PPP (platelet-poor plasma) were prepared by traditional centrifugal method from abdominal aortic of rabbit;ADSCs were cultured in culture medium containing PRP (experimental group),PPP (control group) and all medium (blank group) for each 5％ for 24 h,48h and 72 h.Cells of each group were dissociated and total RNA extracted.AnxA1 gene and PPARγ gene were detected by RT-PCR.Results Primary ADSCs of rabbit grew in the way of long spindle swirly.The results of oil red O and alizarin red staining of the ADSCs were positive.AnxA1 gene and PPARγ gene of experimental group significantly increased from the result of RT-PCR (P＜0.05).Conclusions PRP can promote proliferation of the ADSCs of rabbit and increase the expression of AnxA1 gene and PPARγ gene significantly.
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Objective To study the hematopoietic stem cell injury(HSC)induced by busulfan. Methods C57BL/6 mice were treated with i.p. injection of 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg busulfan. All mice were euthanized at 15 days and 30 days after busulfan treatment for analysis of the peripheral blood cell counts, bone marrow cellularity and HPC (LKS-, lineage-sca1 -c-kit+), HSC(LSK, lineage-sca1 +c-kit+)and long-term HSC(CD34 - LSK, CD34 - lineage-sca1 +c-kit+)frequency. The colony-forming unit-granulocyte and macrophage(CFU-GM)ability of HPC was measured by colony-forming cell(CFC)assay,and the HSC self-renewal capacity was analyzed by single-cell colony-forming assay. Results The busulfan administration decreased the WBC,RBC and PLT compared with control mice. The HPC function (CFU-GM)was impaired(P < 0.05), and the HSC colony forming ability was decreased at 15 days after busulfan treatment(P < 0.05), whereas the body weight of the mice didn't change significantly after busulfan treatment. Conclusions Our findings suggest that busulfan can induce hematopoietic stem cell injury,and provide a support for the study of hematopoietic stem cell injury mechanism.
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Objective To investigate the feasibility of chest examination using ultra-large pitch Turbo Flash in Force CT in preschool children without sedative.Methods A total of 90 preschool children evaluated as nervous or frightened were equally divided into 3 groups according to the scanning time.For group A,the routine scan with the mode of CARE Dose 4D/CARE kV was performed,and the sedative was used.For group B,the scan with ultra-large pitch Turbo Flash model and pitch as 3.0 was performed,and the sedative was used.For group C,the same scan mode as group B was performed but without sedative.The scanning time,radiation dose,image quality and the diagnostic efficiency were compared among 3 groups.Results There were no significant differences of the CT values of the aorta root,spinal posterior muscles and subcutaneous fat,the noise of the aorta root,SNR and CNR among 3 groups (all P＞0.05).Moreover,no significant differences of the subjective score of image quality in pulmonary window and mediastinum window images were found among 3 groups (both P＞0.05).The scanning time and radiation dose indexes (CT dose index volume [CTDIvo1],doselength product [DLP],effective dose [ED]) of group A were significantly higher than those of group B and group C (all P ＜0.05),while there were no significant differences between group B and group C (all P＞0.05).There were no significant differences between the CT diagnosis and clinical diagnosis results in all 3 groups (all P＞0.05).Conclusion It can shorten the scanning time and decrease the radiation dose by using the mode of ultra-large pitch Turbo Flash.And the satisfactory image quality can be obtained without sedative for nervous or frightened preschool children.
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Objective Based on the teeth in vitro skull specimen to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of CARE kV CT scan for reducing radiation dose. Methods Of eight fixed and preserved skull teeth were scanned repeatedly in groups of A, B, C. In expose factors of 100 kVp/150 mAs in conventional scanning of group A, open CARE Dose 4D scan of group B and CARE kV scan of group C. We assessed the radiation dose in the group A, B and C, the average CT values of the images, noise, SNR, CNR and subjective ratings. Results Three groups of actual scan tube current, tube voltage and radiation dose were statistically significant (P 0.05). Conclusion CARE kV technology based on the use specimens tooth can reduce the radiation dose, protect image quality, and be consistent to the reports of previous researches.
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Objective To investigate the performance of dual source CT scanning combined with low-tube-voltage iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) for demonstrating coronary artery calcium plaques. Methods 70 patients with clinically suspected coronary atherosclerosis and with normal BMI received SAFIRE-3 or filtered back projection (FBP) for reconstruction after undergoing CT scans with tube voltage range of 100 kV. The CT images (average CT values, noise, SNR, and CNR) and subjective scores (number of calcium plaque, calcium plaque adjacent artifacts, and image quality) were compared between the two groups. Results The average CT value of the aortic root did not differ significantly between the two procedures for reconstruction (P > 0.05). Ob jective evaluation of the images (noise, SNR, and CNR) between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05 for all comparisons), so was image subjective rating (number of calcium plaque and rate of calcium plaque edge)(P < 0.05 for all comparisons). SAFIRE-3 reconstruction was markedly superior to FBP reconstruc-tion. Conclusions Low kilovoltage combined with reconstruction of SAFIRE-3 can reduce calcium plaque adja-cent artifacts and enhance quality of images , which is better than FBP in displaying the morphology and adjacent conditions of calcified plaque; therefore it is worth popularizing.
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Objective To explore the optimized scanning parameters of low-dose un-enhanced chest CT with sinogram affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE).Methods Eleven healthy adult domestic dogs underwent chest scanning of 120 kV,100 kV,80 kV,70 kV with a fixed tube current of 65 mA and halved tube current of 32 mA with a fixed tube voltage of 100 kV.The data were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP)and SAFIRE (strength grade 3)respectively to obtain ten groups of images.The regular dose (120 kV/65 mA ) combining with FBP reconstruction was as normal control group,and other groups as experimental groups.CT dose index (CTDI), dose length product (DLP),and effective dose (ED)at different dose were compared,and average CT value,noise,signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)and image quality score of ten groups of images were comparatively analyzed.Results No significant differences were found in average CT value for lung tissue,the superior vena cava,the aortic arch,and spinal muscles among ten groups (P >0.05),except adipose tissue (P 3),and the radiation dose of this group decreased by 81.33%.Conclusion Reconstructed with SAFRIE technology,the image quality of 100 kV/65 mA scanning of chest CT is similar to that of routinely reconstructed images in regular dose,while the image quality of 70 kV/65 mA scanning can not only meet the requirements of diagnosis but also obviously reduce radiation dose.
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Objective To investigate the value of low tube voltage with sinogram affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) through comparing the image quality of regular dose scanning with filtered back projection (FBP) reconstruction and low-dose scanning with SAFIRE. Methods Eleven healthy adult domestic dogs were scanned with different doses. The regular dose of 120 kV/65 mA in combination with FBP reconstruction was set as the normal control group, and 100 kV/65 mA plus SAFIRE reconstruction was used as the low kV group. The CT dose index (CTDI), dose length product (DLP), and the effective dose (ED) at different doses were compared, and the average CT value, noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the image quality score of two groups of images were also analyzed. Results ED in the low kV groups was reduced by 39.33%compared to that in the normal control group. No significant differences were found in the average CT value of the same tissue among these two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, image noise of the lung tissue, superior vena cava and spinal muscle of low kV group were consistently decreased, SNR was in also creased, while the noise ratio contrast between superior vena cava and fat was increased. The image quality score of the low kV group was increased by 1.70%compared to that of the normal control group. Conclusion The low kV scan with SAFIRE technology can decrease the radiation dose and improve image quality in chest CT examination of domestic dogs, with a potential value in the clinical promotion and the application.
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Objective To study the value of SAFIRE reconstruction technique in the liver plain CT scan by the comparison of dis-plays to the liver separately by SAFIRE and traditional FBP reconstructions after DSCT scan.Methods 48 patients clinically doub-ted to have hepatic lesions were scanned by DSCT in liver,then the average CT value,noise,signal to noise ratio (SNR),contrast to noise ratio (CNR)and subjective scoring on image quality were compared after FBP and SAFIRE 1-5 reconstructions.Results There was no statistical difference on the average CT value of liver parenchyma in all 6 groups (P >0.05).The differences were sta-tistically significant (P <0.05)on noise,SNR,CNR and subjective scoring.SAFIRE 5 reconstruction had the least noise and the largest SNR and CNR.For the images of SAFIRE 1 and SAFIRE 5,the image subjective scoring was lower than that by FBP;for the images of SAFIRE 2-4,the image subjective scoring is higher than that by FBP;and SAFIRE 3 had the highest score.But for the rate of lesion detection,all the images were the same.Conclusion SAFIRE reconstruction strength 3 could produce the idealest image quality.SAFIRE reconstruction can decrease noise and improve SNR and CNR,and have a potential effect on decreasing the scan dose.
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Objective To study the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF),epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in the pathogenesis of endometriosis under estrogen deprivation conditions.Methods The estrogen was quickly-stripped in medium and the female nude mice were castrated by bilateral oophorectomy to build estrogen deprivation in vitro and in vivo experimental models,respectively.(1) In vitro experiments:according to different treatments the estrogen deprived ectopic endometrial cells were classified into 4 groups:①EGF group:the ectopic endometrial cells were cultured for 72 hours with different concentrations of EGF (0.01,0.1,1,10,50,100 ng/ml),the results of EGF group were represented by the result of cells treated by 10 ng/ml EGF cultured for 72 hours ; ②EGF + PD98059 group:the ectopic endometrial cells were cultured for 72 hours with 5 × 10-2 mol/L PD98059 (inhibitor of ERK),followed by a cultivation for 72 hours treated by 10 ng/ml EGF + 5 × 10-2 mol/L PD98059 ; ③EGF + ICI182780 group:the ectopic endometrial cells were cultured for 72 hours with 10-6 mol/L ICI182780 [inhibitor of estrogen receptor(ER)],followed by a cultivation for 72 hours treated by 10 ng/ml EGF + 10-6 mol/L ICI182780; ④Blank control group:the ectopic endometrial cells were cultured with no treatment.The proliferation activity of ectopic endometrial cells in all groups after treatment were examined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method represented by absorbance value (A).The expression of p-ERK1/2 protein were detected by western blot.(2) In vivo experiments:64 female nude mice were randomly divided into control and castration groups (both n =32) using random number chart.The mice in castration group were castrated by bilateral oophorectomy on 3 weeks after the endometriosis model was established.The levels of EGF,EGFR,p-ERK1/2 protein in ectopic lesions of both groups were measured on 4,6,8 and 10 weeks after the endometriosis model was established by western blot.Results (1) The proliferation activity of ectopic endometrial cells:the proliferation activity of ectopic endometrial cells treated by different concentrations of EGF (0.01,0.1,1,10,50,100 ng/ml) for 72 hours were 0.310 ± 0.010,0.340 ± 0.020,0.670 ± 0.010,0.980 ± 0.030,1.360 ± 0.020,1.670 ± 0.020,respectively,the proliferation activity was increased along with of EGF concentrations.The proliferation activity was 0.680 ± 0.030 at EGF + PD98059 group,the differences exhibited significant difference when compared with that at EGF group with 100 ng/ml for 72 hours(P ＜0.01).The proliferation activity of EGF + ICI182780 and blank control groups were 0.330 ±0.030 and 0.310 ±0.030,respectively,which did not reached statistical differences(P ＞ 0.05).(2) The expression of EGF,EGFR,pERK1/2 protein:① In vitro experiments:the levels of p-ERK1/2 protein in EGF and blank control groups were 0.670 ± 0.020 and 0.600 + 0.010,respectively,which reached statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).The level of p-ERK1/2 protein in EGF + PD98059 group was 0.610 ± 0.020,which exhibited significant differences with that at blank control group(P ＞ 0.05).② In vivo experiments:at 4,6 and 8 weeks after the endometriosis models were established,the expression of EGF protein in the ectopic lesions of castration group and control group were (0.530±0.015 versus 0.610 ±0.015),(0.400 ±0.029 versus 0.620 ±0.018),(0.560 ±0.026versus 0.630 ± 0.021),respectively,the levels of EGFR protein were (0.500 ± 0.030 versus 0.640 ±0.030),(0.470 ± 0.020 versus 0.630 ± 0.020),(0.510 ± 0.030 versus 0.610 ± 0.020) respectively,and the level of p-ERK1/2 protein were (0.500 ± 0.020 versus 0.580 ± 0.020),(0.490 ± 0.020 versus 0.580 ±0.020),(0.570 ±0.020 versus 0.590 0.020),respectively.The difference of EGF,EGFR,pERK1/2 protein expression levels between two groups did not exhibited significant difference(P ＜ 0.01,P ＜0.01,P ＜0.05).At 10 weeks after the endometriosis models were established,the levels of EGF protein in castration group and control group were both 0.620 ± 0.020,the levels of EGFR protein were both 0.610 ±0.020,and the level of p-ERK1/2 protein were 0.590 ±0.010 and 0.600 ± 0.020.No statistical difference (P ＞0.05) was found between those two groups (P ＞ O.05).Conclusions EGF could stimulate the proliferation of ectopic endometrial cells by activating the ERK pathway under estrogen deprivation conditions.The inhibition of EGF signaling system in ectopic lesions was alleviated along with the prolongation of the period of estrogen deprivation.
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Objective:To investigate the expression of survivin and MMP-9 in the eutopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis(EMs).Methods:Eighty patients with endometriosis were selected as EMs group,four of them were in clinical stage Ⅰ,25 in stage Ⅱ,44 in stage Ⅲ and 7 in stage Ⅳ,47 in the proliferative phase and 33 in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycles.Twenty patients with hysteromyoma were selected as control group,including 7 patients in the proliferative phase and 13 in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycles.The expression levels of survivin and MMP-9 were determined by immuno-histochemical method.Image-Pro Plus 6.0(IPP),the special-purpose system for quantitative measurement of medical images,was used to analyse the results quantitatively.Results:Both survivin and MMP-9 were found positive in the plasma of the endometriosis.Both survivin and MMP-9 expression levels were higher in EMs group than those in the control group(P ＜0.01).Besides,survivin was over expressed with no relation to the menstrual cycle of the endometium.Survivin expression was higher in endometriosis stage Ⅱ than that of the stage Ⅲ(P ＞ 0.05).There was no difference in survivin expression within other stages(P ＞ 0.05).While MMP-9 expression had no difference between all the endometriosis stages(P ＞ 0.05).There was a close relationship between survivin and MMP-9 expression levels in 80 eutopic endometfium of endometriosis(r=0.262,t=2.860,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:The over expression of survivin and MMP-9 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.