ABSTRACT
Genetic information of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers, one of the main tools of genetics and genomics research in wheat, have been well documented in wheat. However, the physical position in relation to these markers has not yet been systematically characterized. Aim of this study was to characterize the physical information of thousands of widely usedmolecular markers.We first assigned 2705 molecular markers to wheat physical map, of which 86.1% and 84.7% were the best hits to chromosome survey sequencing (CSS) project (CSS-contigs) and International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium Reference Sequence v1.0 (IWGSC RefSeq v1.0), respectively. Physical position of 96.2% markers were predicated based on BLAST analysis, were in accordance with that of the previous nullisomic/aneuploidy/linkage analysis. A suggestive high-density physical map with 4643 loci was constructed, spanning 14.01 Gb (82.4%) of the wheat genome, with 3.02Mb between adjacent markers. Both forward and reverse primer sequences of 1166 markers had consistent best hits to IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 based on BLAST analysis, and the corresponding allele sizes were characterized. A detailed physical map with 1532 loci was released, spanning 13.93 Gb (81.9%) of the wheat genome, with 9.09Mb between adjacent markers. Characteristic of recombination rates in different chromosomal regions was discussed. In addition, markers with multiple sites were aligned to homoeologous sites with a consistent order, confirming that a collinearity existed among A, B and D subgenomes. This study facilitates the integration of physical and genetical information of molecular markers, which could be of value for use in genetics and genomics research such as gene/QTL map-based cloning and marker-assisted selection.
ABSTRACT
Macrophages acquire distinct phenotypes during tissue stress and inflammatory responses. Macrophages are roughly categorized into two different subsets named inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. We herein identified a unique pathogenic macrophage subpopulation driven by IL-23 with a distinct gene expression profile including defined types of cytokines. The freshly isolated resting mouse peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with different cytokines in vitro, the expression of cytokines and chemokines were detected by microarray, real-time PCR, ELISA and multiple colors flow cytometry. Adoptive transfer of macrophages and imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice were used. In contrast to M1- and M2-polarized macrophages, IL-23-treated macrophages produce large amounts of IL-17A, IL-22 and IFN-γ. Biochemical and molecular studies showed that IL-23 induces IL-17A expression in macrophages through the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-retinoid related orphan receptor-γ T (RORγT) pathway. T-bet mediates the IFN-γ production in IL-23-treated macrophages. Importantly, IL-23-treated macrophages significantly promote the dermatitis pathogenesis in a psoriasis-like mouse model. IL-23-treated resting macrophages express a distinctive gene expression prolife compared with M1 and M2 macrophages. The identification of IL-23-induced macrophage polarization may help us to understand the contribution of macrophage subpopulation in Th17-cytokines-related pathogenesis.