[ effect of education based on BASNEF model on promoting of nutritional behavior to prevent iron deficiency anemia]

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most important public health issue in the world and harmfully effect on the health of women and children in developing countries. 25 percent of students are suffering Iron Deficiency Anemia. This suggests that insufficient intake of iron, Malnutrition or low iron in the diet

Objective: The aim of this research was to promote nutritional behavior to prevent iron deficiency anemia based on Beliefs, Attitudes, Subjective Norms and Enabling Factors [BASNEF] model on high school girls

Methods: This Randomized controlled trial study was performed on 100 Students by multistage random placed into intervention and control groups in 2013. Intervention was done in five sections and 3.5 months after educational intervention. Questionnaire base on BASNEF Model parts and blood lab exams [Hb, Hct, Feritin] were data gathering tool. Data were analyzed by pair T- test, independent T- test, Mann- Whitney, Wilcoxon and Chi- square

Results: The mean score of knowledge and attitude toward the behavior, Subjective norms, Enabling factors, iron deficiency anemia preventive behaviors and Ferritin had a significant increase in the intervention group compared to the control group after the educational intervention [P<0.05]

Conclusion: The results of the study showed positive effect of educational intervention program base on BASNEF Model on improvement of iron deficiency anemia preventive behaviors in the high school Students

[Nurses' knowledge regarding evidence-based guidelines for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia]

Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP] is a subset of hospital infections occurring 24 hours after intubation or mechanical ventilation. Considering the outcome of VAP, prevention is of a high importance in the care of patients who are being treated by mechanical ventilation. Thus, evidence-based guidelines have been published by researchers to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia and can effectively reduce its incidence

Objective: The purpose of this study was to review the knowledge on these evidence-based guidelines in prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Method: This is a descriptive -analytical, cross-sectional study which used census sampling method. 171 nurses with bachelor and master degree participated in the study. To determine their knowledge of evidence-based guidelines for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia, a two-part questionnaire was used. The first part included demographic information including age, sex, nursing position title, university degree, working experience and years in the intensive care unit as well as ICU specifications such as type and number of beds and internet access. The second part had Labeau et al. questionnaire that consisted of 9 multiple-choice questions. Questionnaires were given to the participants during morning, afternoon and night shifts by a researcher in each ward. The response time was 15 minutes. After collecting the questionnaires, correct responses were calculated in percentage and the mean of total score was determined. In this study, evaluations and judgments were based on the mean of score. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics were used to estimate the frequency. Chi-square, t-test and ANOVA were used to examine the relationship between level of knowledge, demographic variables and characteristics of intensive care unit

Results: 171 of 219 ICU nurses participated in this study and 48 patients were excluded due to vaccation at the time of sampling or unwillingness. Most of the study population was women [93.6%] with a Bachelor's Degree [94.7%] and nurse position title [89.5%].In this study, 59.9% of the nurses had not passed any ICU-specific training course. 42.7% of them were in ICU with more than 8 beds. The majority of them [40.4%] had between 1-5 years of working experience. Furthermore, the mean score of nine one-score questions equaled 4.63 +/- 1.708. The most wrong answers belonged to the questions about "ventilator set's replacement frequency" and "the moisturizer's replacement period". The most correct answers were about "choosing a semi-sitting position for reducing VAP". Mean of scores obtained by women was higher than men. The independent t-test showed no significant difference between the two groups [P=0.721]. The mean score was higher in nurses with master degree and the ones who had passed specific ICU nursing courses than the ones who did not. Independent t-test manifested no significant difference [P=0.189, P=0.204] in this regard. Among the participants who had replacement nurse position, nurses working in ICUs with more than 8 beds and nurses with more than 10 years of experience had a higher mean score. Yet, ANOVA showed no significant difference among these groups [P =0.168, P=0.882, P=0.327]

Conclusion: This results in more attention to training purposes in some parts of the guidelines. Lack of nurses' knowledge of evidence-based guidelines for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia is one of the potential barriers and increasing the awareness level will be the first step in a successful training program. The findings seem to highlight the importance of specific parts of the guidelines that should be considered in trainings. Lack of nurses' knowledge of evidence-based guidelines for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia is one of the potential barriers. Increasing their awareness will be the first step for a successful training program on VAP prevention

[Relationship between demographic factors and health self-efficacy in academic staff of Guilan University of Medical Sciences]

Background: Health behavior is considered as one of the major determinants of health and self-efficacy is an influencing factor in behavior. Self-efficacy is a person's belief over one's abilities for doing a certain behavior

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the self-efficacy of academic staff at Guilan University of Medical Science and its relation with demographic factors

Methods: A total of 203 faculty members at Guilan University of Medical Science participated in this descriptive study in 2008. Data were collected by a two-part questionnaire completed by the study population, and analyzed using independent t-test and one way ANOVA

Findings: The faculty members obtained an overall self-efficacy score of 84/1%. There was a significant relationship between the self-efficacy and both the number of children in family [P=0.05] and the monthly income [P=0.025]

Conclusion: The self-efficacy rate of faculty members was desirable. Regarding the modeling role of academic staff for students, self-efficacy must be considered as an influential factor in health-promoting programs

Relationship between self-efficacy and health behaviors of faculty members of Guilan University of Medical Science

Health behaviors have a very important role in people's health. Self-efficacy as a person's belief about his abilities for doing a certain behavior is an influencing factor in human behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and health behaviors in faculty members working in Guilan University of Medical Science. It was a descriptive correlational study. The study consisted of 203 faculty members from Guilan University of Medical Science. The data related to self- efficacy and health behaviors were collected by modified version of SRAHPS and HPLPII respectively. The research findings revealed that the faculty members have obtained%84.1 of self-efficacy and%65.9 of health behaviors scores. Chi-square Test showed a significant relationship between self-efficacy and health behaviors [P=0.0001]. Pearson's Correlation Test indicated that there was a significant relationship between self-efficacy and health behaviors and sex, age, educational level, marital status, number of children in family, monthly income and type and history of chronic illness [P=0.0001]. Regarding the relationship between health behaviors and self - efficacy in the study population, reinforcement of self-efficacy via education in faculty members of Guilan University of Medical Sciences is recommended

[Survey influencing factors on prenatal care in referring maternal to health care centers in Rasht city]

Prenatal care is an indicator of health care system. Knowing the factors that prohibit reciving proper is essential in every society.The aim of the research was to determine mothers reciving prenatal care from health centers in Rasht and influencing factors from their view in 2008. This descriptive study surveyed 354 mothers referring to health centers in Rasht city who were chosen by cluster sampling. Data collection tool was a 3 part questionnaire. Data were analyzed through chi square. Findings showed that 53.4% of women reciving insufficient prenatal care. There was a significant correlation of care and employment condition [P=0.026] level of spouse's education [P=0.042] and income [P=0.005]. The most effective factors on reciving prenatal care from mothers' view were know [the manner and number of prenatal care] [85.3%]. Also there was a statistically significant relationship between efficiency of prenatal care and some socio demographic factors. In existence of prenatal care in health centers, almost half of women do not use these care provided. Provider's attention to the demographic and family characteristics and their needs are important in promotion of receiving better prenatal care

[Relationship between critical thinking and clinical decision making in nursing students]

Critical thinking is an index of cognitive ability. The nurses' cognitive ability, specifically their ability for information processing and decision making, is the key component of nursing practice. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between critical thinking and clinical decision making in nursing students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Fifty senior nursing students from Guilan University of Medical Sciences participated in this descriptive -correlational study by census. Data was collected using California Critical Thinking Questionnaire and clinical decision making cards by Q-Sort and analyzed by Chi- Square and Fischer Exact tests using SPSS- Pc [v.14]. Findings did not show a significant relationship between critical thinking and clinical decision making. Chi square test showed a significant relationship between critical thinking and educational average score [p=0.001] and between decision making and history of exposing to patients undergoing Billrut 2 surgery [p=0.008]. Conducting the same research with a larger sample using multiple tools is recommended. The findings could be used as a guide to nursing educational planning

[Anxiety-depressive disorders among irritable bowel syndrome [IBS] patients]

Psychiatric disorders are common in Irritable Bowel Syndrome [IBS] patients. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders varies in IBS patients in different societies. To determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders [anxiety-depression] in IBS patients in Rasht. In this cross-sectional study, 256 IBS patients were selected [using criteria of Rome III] and evaluated for psychiatric disorders. In the first phase, subjects were screened by GHQ28. In the second phase, those patients who had scores equal or more than 23 were assessed through semi-structured psychiatric interview. Socio-demographic variables including age, gender, marital status, educational level and occupation, were recorded as well. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Among 256 subjects 30 patients [11.7%] had no significant psychiatric symptoms and 226 subjects [83 male, 143 female] suffered from some degrees of psychiatric problems. After performing semi-structured psychiatric interview; 190 subjects [74.2%] had anxiety-depressive problems [89 patients were suffered from pure anxiety disorders, 41 patients suffered from depressive disorders and 60 patients had co-morbid anxiety-depressive disorders]. In anxiety disorders; generalized anxiety disorder [53.7%] and in depressive disorders; dysthymia [53.5%] had the most frequencies, 53.7% and 53.5% respectively. In comparisone of anxiety-depressive subjects [190 persons] and normal subjects [66 persons], there was a significant statistical differences between the gender [P=0.019], occupation [P=0.002] and intensity of IBS [P<0.001]. Although, further studies are needed to determine the relations of demographic variables and types of IBS with psychiatric disorders, it seems to more attention to the psychiatric disorders of some specific patients suffering from IBS is helpful to their treatment

[Sensitivity and features of visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid [VIA], as a screening test for cervical cancer]

Due to high false negative results of Pap smear, investigators are trying to design alternative tests for screening. One such option is Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid [VIA]. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of VIA as an alternative screening test for cervical cancer prevention. This is a prospective study on 401 based on demographic questioner, three separate Pap smear, referred to alzahra hospital Gynecology clinic. All the patients were given questionnaires of demographic characteristics and then underwent 3 separate tests [Pap smear, VIA and colposcopy] simultaneously. If colposcopic evaluation was abnormal, a sample biopsy was taken. The gold standard test is considered to be colposcopy-directed biopsy. Upon data collection, they were analyzed by statistical software SPSS version 14. As shown, 12 had abnormal Pap smear, 39 with positive VIA and 11 had abnormal colposcopy. Sensitivity of VIA was found to be 72.7%, and specificity 92.1%.Pap smear detected 83.3% CINI, 66.6% CIN III, 50% Invasive cancers whereas VIA detected 50% CINI and 100% CIN III and invasive cancers. Both tests yielded 3 false negative results. The number of false positives was higher for VIA. VIA is a more powerful screening test than Pap smear but its detection ability for CIN I is lower, compared with Pap smear. In order to minimize false negative results, we propose combination of VIA and Pap smear

[Iron deficiency anemia and some associated factors in childbearing age women in Guilan province]

Iron deficiency anemia [IDA] is the commonest disorder due to malnutrition, and is an important health problem. This research determines IDA prevalence and some associated factors in childbearing age [CBA] and non-childbearing age women in Guilan. Sample; comprised of 995 CBA women [15-49 years], selected in a multistage cluster-random sampling from the population mentioned. Data materials included a questionnaire, and blood examinations, and statistical analysis was performed by means of paired t-test. Anemia prevalence was 11.1%, IDA 7.6%, which was similar in both the urban and rural population, and showed significant correlation with parity [P<0.0l] and age [P<0.0001]. Ferrous sulfate has significant effect to increase hemoglobin in IDA subjects. IDA prevalence in Guilan is less than previous estimates, and Ferrous sulfate administration is effective in increasing hemoglobin levels