ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Salmonella spp. is important in medicine. Most related infections are self-limited. Antibiotics are used for high risk patients such as children, old individuals and immune-compromised patients. Overuse of antibiotics has led to increased emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria which are life-threatening. Phage therapy is an alternative method to reduce antibiotic use
Materials and Methods: Waste water samples were collected from sewage system of Rasht City twice a month. Prepared suspensions of Salmonella reference collection A [SARA] number 1, 6 [S. typhimurium] and 46, 48, 51 [S. paratyphi B] and double LB broth were mixed with filtrated waste water. After centrifugation and filtration, serial dilutions were prepared and phages were isolated. Morphologic characteristics were determined using TEM [Transmission electron microscopy]. Finally, to assess the spectrum effect of the bacteriophages, we determined host range against 19 SARA strains
Results: Clear plaque formation on double layer LB agar indicated lysis of the test strains by isolated phages. The results of host range showed that some of the phages were able to lyse a number of other bacteria of SARA collection. Imaging with TEM indicated that the isolated phages against SARA collection belonged to Siphoviridae and Podoviridae families
Conclusion: This is the first report of phage isolation against Salmonella reference collection in Iran. SARA no. 51 [S. paratyphi B] was lysed by S. typhimurium phage. It means that the isolated phage may lyse S. typhi, which is an important human pathogen
ABSTRACT
Introduction: foot ulceration is one of the most serious and disabling complications of Diabetes Mellitus and identification of risk factors affecting foot ulcer can prevent it from causing irreparable consequences
Objective: therefore the aim of this study was to comparing the situation of the foot skin in diabetic patients with and without foot ulcers
Methods: in this cross - sectional study of 355 diabetic patients referred to Razi Hospital in 2013 were randomly selected based on a questionnaire consisted of four parts: demographic profiles, clinical characteristics, skin situations and diabetic foot, by a trained nurse were studied. History of the disease based on Charlson Co morbidity Index and foot ulcers by Wagner ulcer classification system were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups of foot ulcer and non-ulcer and each of the variables were compared between these two groups. We used Chi square test and logistic regression analysis to compare some variables. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant
Results: based on these findings, 16.1% had foot ulcers. Dry skin with no sweating, pallor, fisher, edema, impaired growing toe nails in the group with ulcer was [89.47%, 42.1%, 26.31%, 21.05%, and 64.91%] and in the group without ulcer was [73.48%, 35.9%, 11.74%, 12.08%, and 48.65%]. There is significant correlation between foot ulcers and dry skin [p=0.01], fissure [p=0.004] and impaired growth toenail [p=0.02].Risk of foot ulcers in people with dry skin 3.07 times, the people of Fisher 2.68 times in people with impaired growth and toenails 1.95 times higher
Conclusion: since skin problems affecting the foot ulcer, nurses by identifying risk factors played a role in the prevention and treatment of foot ulcers
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Age of mother at pregnancy can be one of the main risk factors for hazardous outcome of pregnancy
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between the maternal age and the outcome of pregnancy
Materials and Methods: this is descriptive cross-sectional analytic study that pregnancy outcome in women presenting to Alzahra hospital for delivery was assessed variable studied included enduced hypertension and diabetes in placental complication placenta abruption, placental previa preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes [PROM] was divided into 3 groups based on age /=35. Pregnant women in two groups: 17-34 and >/=35 were matched according to parity. Data collection analysis was carried out with chi-square test by SPSS.9 software
Results: In this survey, 6045 pregnant women with gestational age over 20 weeks were studied. Frequency of delivered women according to age group showed that 52 cases [%0.8] were /=35.Data showed that there were significant differences between the three age groups and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, placental abruption, placental previa, PROM, mal presentation, preterm labor and cesarean section [P<0/05]. In contrast, there wasn't a statistically significant difference between advanced maternal age and the frequency of PROM P>0/05
Conclusion: It appears that pregnancy in age >/=35 comparing with teenage pregnancy has special risk factors. Awareness of the risks and complications has an important role planning for appropriate prenatal services
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs as a delayed, upper respiratory infection with group A streptococci. This disease with its effect on the heart has special importance on the person's individuality, family and sociality. It is a major cause of cardiovascular mortality in developing countries. Major determinants influencing this disease are socio- economic, cultural, and environmental and health services related factors including low level of health education
Objective: The goal of his study was to determine mothers' educational needs on Acute Rheumatic Fever in urban areas of Guilan
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 500 mothers referring to Maternal and Child Health Centers for child monitoring and immunizing were selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected with questionnaire consisting of 41 closed ended questions
Results: Based on the findings of this study 66.3 % to 95.7 of mothers had weak to moderate knowledge on four aspects [epidemiology, symptoms, prevention and side effects] from the total of five aspects [epidemiology, symptoms, prevention, side effects and treatment] of this disease and needed education. There were significant relation between educational level and knowledge level in each aspects of the disease [P<0.001]
Conclusion: In attention to the low level of mothers? knowledge and its important role in prevention of rheumatic fever and its complications, this study emphasizes face to face training programs during pregnancy and after that in Health Centers and on the other side, since there was a significant difference between educational level and knowledge level, it is emphasized that all Iranian women to have at least guidance schooling
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Epidural anesthesia is one of effective regional anesthesia methods for different kinds of [small and large] surgeries. Prolongation of sensory and motor block following epidural anesthesia is accompanied by long stay in PACU and more post anesthesia care requirements. One of the essential needs is limiting hospital stay and decreasing epidural anesthesia side effects. Therefore, using methods that can cause early discharge and reduce sensory-motor and sympathetic blockade period are necessary. Using crystalloid solutions is one of these methods
Objective: In this study the researcher tried to compare the effectiveness of two crystalloid solutions normal saline and sodium bicarbonate solution to access the best method
Materials and Methods: This research is a randomized double blind clinical trial study. Sixty ASA-II patients who had repairing surgery for fracture of femor were divided into two equal groups [thirty patients in each group]. And all of them received 20ml lidocaine 2% through epidural catheter insertion. In the end of surgery, the patient was transported to recovery room and 15ml crystalloid solution normal saline or sodium bicarbonate was injected and then catheter was removed. The level of sensory blockage based on blocked spinal and motor blockage were examined and registered every 15 minutes by Bromage scale [zero=none, 1=motor blockage of hip, 2=hip and knee block, 3=ankle, hip and knee block]. Data was analyzed by t-test and Anova tests by SPSS.10 software
Results: The mean age in normal saline group was 41±12 and in sodium bicarbonate group was 43±11 years. There were 13 female and 17 males in normal saline group and 15 female and 15 males in sodium bicarbonate group. The mean of regression time of sensory block of sodium bicarbonate was 92min and 50sec, and due to normal saline was 99min and 25sec. The regression time of motor block due to sodium bicarbonate was 89min and 25sec, and due to normal saline was 94min and 50sec. All results were significant [P<0.05]. The regression of sensory and motor block due to sodium bicarbonate was more rapid than normal saline. Any side effect was not detected
Conclusion: According to data obtained, it seems that using sodium bicarbonate as compared to normal saline at the end of femoral surgery improves sensory-motor blockade sensation due to injection of Lidocaine 2%soution and educes PACU stay period and improves anesthesia tolerance. This method could be used for all patients whom receive epidural anesthesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Benign prostate hyperplasia [BPH] is the most common benign tumor in males and a major cause of urinary symptoms in most males over 50. Prostate cancer is the second lethal cancer, after lung cancer, in the males
Objective: In attention to the possibility of occurring incidental carcinoma in BPH patients, in this study we decided to estimate its prevalence in urology centers of Rasht hospitals: Razi, Aria and Golsar
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, from April 2000 through July 2002, we interviewed all patients who later underwent surgery for BPH and filled out the questionnaire form. The reports of the patients were collected from patients and Rasht pathology centers. Data were analyzed by SPSS.9.0 using chi square test, t- test and fisher exact test. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant
Results: From 1437 patients, 39 patients were excluded from study because their pathology reports were not found, and 1398 patients were enrolled. The mean age of patients was 67.8± 7.8 years [43-91]. Prostate carcinoma was detected in 75 patients [5.4%], and all had adenocarcinoma. Mean age of prostate cancer group was 69.4±8.3 years. Fifty patients [66.7%] were smokers. Familial history of prostatic cancer was negative in all patients in cancer group. In patients with diagnosis of cancer, the major symptoms at admission were irritate symptoms [5.3%], irritate obstructive [94.7%] and none of them had only obstructive signs. The grade of tumor in 62.3% was well differentiated and in 37.7% was moderate differentiated. The mean of PSA in cancer and BPH groups were 8.2±12.7 and 2.6±4.1 mg/ml respectively [P= 0.0001] The kind of operation in 53.1% was TURP and in 46.9% was open prostatectomy. In prostate cancer group, 76% of operations were TURP and in 24% were open prostatectomy
Conclusion: In this study, prevalence of prostate cancer in operated patients with a BPH diagnosis was 5.4% that is similar to other studies