[ association of dietary beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin with the incidence of insulin resistance in adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Background and Objective: Dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin may be associated with reduce the risk of insulin resistance, due to their antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin and the risk of insulin resistance in adults

Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 938 [421 men and 517 women], aged between 19 to 82 years were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study in Iran. Dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin were determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Fasting serum glucose and insulin were measured at base line and again after a 3-year of follow up. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of insulin resistance across tetiles of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin with adjustment for potential confounding variables

Results: The mean age of participants was 40.7 +/- 12.1 years. beta-carotene was inversely associated with insulin resistance after adjustment for confounder variables [95% CI= 0.25-0.72, OR= 0.42, P-value for trend=0.01]. Also, an inverse association was found between dietary intake of beta-cryptoxanthin and insulin resistance risk [95% CI= 0.30-0.84, OR= 0.51, P-value for trend=0.01]

Conclusion: There was inverse association between dietary intake of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin and risk of insulin resistance in adults

[The association of red, orange and yellow fruits and vegetables with the incidence of insulin resistance in adults: tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: although previous studies report the relationship of diabetes with various groups of fruits and vegetables, and also an inverse association between insulin resistance with dietary carotenoids and flavonoids, no studies have yet examined the effect of [Fruit and Vegetable] FV subgroups on insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of red, orange and yellow FV, with the 3-year incidence of insulin resistance in adults

Materials and Methods: in this longitudinal study, 940 men and women, aged>19 years were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary intakes of fruits and vegetables [FV] were determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Fasting serum glucose and insulin were measured at baseline and again after a 3-year of follow up. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of IR across tertiles of color subgroups of FV with adjustment for potential confounding variables

Results: the mean age and body mass index [BMI] of participants were 40.34+/-12.1 years and 26.4+/-4.4 kg/m2 respectively. Mean residual energy adjusted total intakes of FV, red/purple, orange and yellow FV were 503g/d, 172, 108and 104g/d, respectively. Total intake of FV was inversely associated with IR after 3 years of follow up [OR=0.511P for trend=0.018]. and also an inverse association was found between red/purple [OR=0.48 P for trend=0.012], orange [OR=0.34 P for trend=0.001] and yellow [OR=0.34 P for trend=0.011] groups and the occurrence of IR

Conclusion: results of this longitudinal study, found an inverse association between dietary intakes of FV, red/purple, orange and yellow groups and the risk of IR in adults

[Effect of lentil sprouts on lipid profile and blood fasting glucose in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes]

The effects of lentil sprouts [LS] on lipid profiles and FBS among overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes have not yet been examined. Considering the importance of legumes and cereal sprouts in traditional Iranian medicine, we conducted this trial to investigate the effects of LS on fasting blood glucose, and the atherogenic index of plasma [AIP], in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-nine patients were randomly divided into two groups. For all individuals throughout the 8 weeks of the study period, the same drug treatment was given, with the intervention group patients consuming 60 g lentil sprouts in addition daily. Total cholesterol, triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoprotein [LDL-C], high density lipoprotein [HDL-C], fasting blood glucose [FBS] and atherogenic index of plasma [AIP] were measured at baseline and 8 weeks after intervention. AIP decreased [P<0.07] in the LS group and their levels of HDL-C and LDL-C increased compared with baseline levels, whereas in the control group no significant change was seen. In this group a decrease in TG of 4.5% was seen, whereas this increase in the control group was 22%. Consumption of LS as supplementary treatment in type 2 diabetes could have favorable effects on lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose and reduce risk of coronary vascular diseases

Dietary total antioxidant capacity and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study

There is growing evidence that dietary antioxidants may have favourable effects in reducing cancer risk. In a case-control study we investigated the association of dietary total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and risk of breast cancer. Sociodemographic data, medical history and anthropometric measurements were collected from 275 women [100 breast cancer cases and 175 controls]. Participants' usual dietary intake was measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and their dietary TAC was estimated. An inverse, but non-significant, association was observed between dietary TAC and breast cancer risk. Multiple logistic regression models based on TAC of individual food groups showed that consumption of fruits and vegetables with higher TAC [micro molTE/100 g] was associated with a significantly decreased risk of breast cancer. Our study supports a protective effect of dietary antioxidants in relation to breast cancer risk. Food selection based on TAC of foods may be an effective strategy to modify the risk of cancer

Association between some dietary factors and risk of hypertension: Tehran lipid and glucose study [2008-11]

Background and Objective: Hypertension in long time can cause cardiovascular disorders and increase chance of stroke. This study was done to determine the association between some dietary factors and risk of hypertension. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the fourth phase [2008-11] of Tehran lipid and glucose study [TLGS]. In this study 6089 subjects [2807 males and 3282 females], aged 19-70 years, were participated and dietary, demographic, anthropometric and blood pressure of each subject were collected. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire with 147-items. Odds ratio for hypertension according to quartiles of dietary factors was determined using logistic regression with adjustment for confounder variables. Results: The rate of hypertension was 29.8%. Mean of weight, body mass index, waist circumference, prevalence of abdominal obesity and alliteration in the hypertensive subjects were significantly higher than normotensive subjects [P<0.05]. There was a non significant direct relationship between energy density, total fat and saturated fat. Higher consumption of fiber was associated with lower risk of hypertension [OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.37-0.97]. The risk of hypertension increased in the highest quartiles of dietary protein [OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02-1.43]. Odds ratio for hypertension was higher among subjects whom consumed lower fruits and nuts than those subjects with higher fruits consumption [OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.15-1.85] and nuts [OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02-1.42]. Conclusion: High consumption of fiber could protect against hypertension while some dietary factors such as high consumption of protein could increase risk of hypertension

[Association of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance with lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes]

Insulin resistance [IR] is one of the factors affecting dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study was done to determine the association of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance with lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes. This descriptive study was conducted on 72 patients with type 2 diabetes in Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran during 2011. Anthropometric indces, fasting serum glucose, serum insulin and lipid profiles were measured and IR index and atherogenic lipid parameters were calculated. The mean of lipid profiles and parameters were compared across the IR tertiles. The association of homeostasis model assessment and insulin resistance in each tertile with lipid profiles was determined. The mean +/- SD of IR index was 0.9 +/- 0.3, 2.1 +/- 0.4 and 4.4 +/- 1.6 in the 1th, 2th and 3th tertiles, respectively. In the 3th tertile, serum triglyceride and atherogenic lipid parameters were significantly high and serum HDL-C level was non-significantly low than normal reference range. IR index in the 2th and 3th tertiles was significantly related to serum Triglyceride [P<0.05]. IR index in level of >2.8, was inversely associated with HDL-C and directly associated with atherogenic lipid parameter. There is association between Insulin resistance with lipid metabolic abnormality in type 2 diabetic patients

[ association between dairy intake and its nutrients with metabolic syndrome and its components: review article]

Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of dairy products plays an important role in prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. The objective of this review article is to examine the relation between dairy intake and its nutrients with metabolic syndrome and its components. The key words "dairy", "calcium", "milk" with "metabolic syndrome", "cardiovascular disease", "obesity", "type 2 diabetes", "hypertension", "oxidative stress", "inflammation" were used for a search in the pub med database between 2000-2013. Appropriately designed epidemiological and interventional studies and review articles of quality were included. Most studies showed that dairy consumption is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome and its components. Calcium, proteins, bioactive peptides and dairy fatty acids have protective effects on the metabolic syndrome. The main mechanism of calcium causing a decrease in a risk of metabolic syndrome is attributed to regulation of calcitrophic hormones, binding with bile acids, increased fecal fat excretion, regulation of intracellular calcium and change the metabolism of other electrolytes such as sodium. Milk protein, especially whey protein caused improved lipid profiles, hypertension, insulin sensitivity. Dairy fatty acids also improve oxidative stress, inflammation, inhibition of liver transcription factor and activates lipogenesis genes. Increased consumption of dairy products can decrease the incidence and development of metabolic syndrome and its components

[ association between dairy intake with metabolic syndrome and its components in adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Epidemiological studies show that consumption of dairy products plays an important role in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome [MetS]. The objective of this study is to examine the relation between dairy intake with MetS and its components in Tehranian adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, 785 adolescents, aged 10 to 19 years, participants of the fourth phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were selected. Usual dietary intake was assessed using a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Total dairy, low fat and high fat dairy, milk, yoghurt and cheese were and anthropometrics, biochemical measurements and blood pressure were assessed. MetS was defined according to the de Ferranti criteria. Mean age of subjects was 14.8 +/- 2.9 years. The prevalence of MetS was 22.2% [girls: 19.5% and boys: 25.2%]. The most prevalent component for MetS among boys was high waist circumference [53.4%] and among girls was low HDL-C [53.1%]. Energy density and intake of protein, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, calcium and phosphor were higher in the highest quartile of dairy consumption, than in the lowest quartile. After adjustment for confounders, odds ratios with 95% confidence interval for MetS in the highest quartiles of total dairy, low fat dairy, high fat dairy, milk, yoghurt and cheese were 0.97 [0.57-1.66], 1.44 [0.83-2.49], 0.97 [0.56-1.67], 0.70 [0.42-1.18], 1.62 [0.99-2.64], 0.72 [0.44-1.18] respectively, compared to the lowest quartile. Results of this study do not support the hypothesis that consumption of dairy products protects against MetS and its components

[Effect of Ardeh on components of metabolic syndrome in - type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized clinical trial]

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders associated with cardiovascular disease. Animal and human experimental studies have shown the beneficial effects of sesame oil on the components of the metabolic syndrome; however, the effect of Ardeh [grounded sesame seed] is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine effect of Ardeh on components of the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients. In this clinical trial, 40 type 2 diabetic patients were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups, the control and Ardeh consumers. The breakfast energy content of participants, was planned at around 270 kcal. In the Ardeh consumer group, part of their breakfast was replaced by 2 Tsp Ardeh, whereas controls consumed the usual breakfast. Waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides and HDL-C were measured at baseline and again 6 weeks after intervention. In the Ardeh consumer group after six weeks mean serum triglyceride concentration decreased significantly [144 +/- 9.8 vs. 175 +/- 11.4 mg/dL] [P<0.05] and HDL-C increased [51.7 +/- 1.7 vs. 11.5 mg/dL], compared with controls. Means of other components of metabolic syndrome showed no significant changes between Ardeh consumer and control groups. Our results suggest that consumption of 28 g/d Ardeh has a beneficial effect on some components of metabolic syndrome, findings that need to be confirmed by further investigations

[Association between dietary phytochemical index and occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors [among Tehranian adults]: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary phytochemical index [PI] and occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components during a 3 year follow up of Tehranian adults. This longitudinal study was conducted within the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, between the third [2006-2008] and fourth phases [2009-2011]. Dietary intakes were collected using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline. The predictor role of dietary phytochemicals for risk of abdominal obesity, fasting glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and metabolic syndrome-according to the international criteria-were evaluated using regression logistic models after adjustment of confounding factors. The mean of dietary phytochemical index was 29.8 +/- 12.3 at baseline. Higher intake of phytochemical-rich foods was associated with a significant descending trend in risk of metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension [P for trend<0.05]. Subjects in the highest quartile of dietary phytochemicals intake had a thirty-nine percent lower risk of abdominal obesity [0.61; 95%CI: 0.36-0.99], thirty seven percent lower risk of hypertriglyceridemia [0.63; 95%CI: 0.38-0.99] and a forty four percent lower risk of hypertension [0.56; 95%CI: 0.35-0.90], compared with those in the lowest quartile. Our findings indicate that higher intakes of phytochemical-rich foods can decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome and related risk factors

[Food patterns of Tehranian adolescents and their relation to anthropometric measures and blood pressure: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Adolescence is an important stage in life for establishing dietary habits. There is little evidence on adolescent dietary patterns and related risk factors. The aim of this study was to determine food patterns among Tehranian adolescents and any associations to anthropometric measures and blood pressure. In this study, 507 adolescents, aged 10 to 19 years, were assessed. Dietary intakes were evaluated by means of a validated semi-quantitative questionnaire, and anthropometric indices [weight, height, and waist circumference] and blood pressure were measured and recorded. The Kriska physical activity questionnaire was used for determination of physical activity levels. Using principal component analysis with varimax rotation for 21 food groups, two dietary patterns were derived. In the healthy dietary pattern, whole grain, low fat dairy and vegetables, and in the unhealthy pattern, sweetened drinks, fast food and refined cereal pattern were included. Significant differences were observed in the healthy dietary pattern between boys and girls, as well as, among different age groups. There was significant association between the unhealthy dietary pattern scores and physical activity [P<0.05]. After adjustment of confounding factors, significant associations were found between unhealthy dietary pattern scores and body mass index and waist circumference [P<0.05]. However, no significant association was observed between blood pressure and the two dietary patterns. Adherence to unhealthy dietary patterns was an important determinant in increase in body mass index and consequently in central obesity among adolescents

[Dietary fructose and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between fructose intake and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Tehranian adults. This study was conducted using data from adults, aged 19-70 years, who participated in the third phase of Tehran Lipid and Glucose study. Dietary data were collected using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire with 168 food items. The sum of natural dietary fructose in fruits and vegetables, and fructose in industrialized foods containing added sweeteners, was calculated as total dietary fructose. Forty-five and fifty-five percent of participants were men and women, with mean ages of 40.5 +/- 13.6 and 38.6 +/- 12.8 years, respectively. Mean dietary intakes of total fructose were 46.5 +/- 24.5 g/d in men and 37.3 +/- 24.2 g/d in women. Significant positive associations were observed between dietary fructose intake and body mass index [beta =0.03 and 0.11, p<0.001, in men and women respectively], systolic blood pressure [beta =0.09 and 0.12, p<0.01, in men and women respectively], diastolic blood pressure [beta =0.13 and 0.80, p<0.01, in men and women respectively] and fasting blood glucose in men [beta =0.01, p<0.05]. Dietary fructose intake may have adverse effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors

[Longitudinal study of diet quality in children and adolescents, based on the preventive recommendations for cardiovascular disease: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

The risk factors of cardiovascular disease [CVD] can be tracked from childhood into adult life. Diet quality exerts a great influence on incidence of these risk factors. The aim of the present study, conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, was to assess the trend of diet quality in relation to the recommendations for prevention of cardiovascular disease during a 6.7 year follow up among children and adolescents. Longitudinal study dietary data for 113 children and adolescents was collected using two 24-hour dietary recalls and a food frequency questionaire during the three study phases of study. Diet quality was compared with dietary recommendations for prevention of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents[poor, moderate, good diet quality]. Trends in diet quality score, were assessed during a 6.7 y of follow up. Mean +/- SD age of participants was 11.45 +/- 4.2. The distribution of subjects in the category of "poor diet quality" increased from 8.8% at the start of the study period to 28.3% and 32.4% in the second and third phases respectively. At the beginning of the study, over 80% of subjects had "moderate quality diet" which decreased to 70% and 65% in the 2nd and 3rd phases respectively. More than 10% of subjects had "good diet quality" which decreased to less than 3% in the 2nd and 3[rd] phases of the study. A significant decrease was also observed in diet quality of participants in phases 2 and 3 compared to the beginning of the study [p<0.05]. Results showed that trend of diet quality of children and adolescent compared to reccomendations for prevention of CVD seem unfavorable