Comparison of mechanical properties between three different types of T-loop

T-loop is one of the most popular closing loops in orthodontic profession. However its activation is in the contrary to Bouschinger effect theory, since the formed bends would be opened during activation. The purpose of this study was to add a helix in a way to be more respondent to the Bouschinger effect theory.To compare the load deflection, maximal elastic load and range between three different types of T-loop.5 sample of each 3 different designs of T-loop [group 1: original T-loop, group 2: T-loop with the two inner helices, group 3: T-loop with the two helices constructed outside the horizontal part] had been tested with universal testing machine [Instron]. The load -deflection curves was plotted and the mechanical properties [load deflection, maximal elastic load and range] were measured. One way ANOVA was used to identify statistical differences between designs.The mean value of maximal elastic load in group 1 [6.02 +/- 0.27] was significantly higher than group 2 [5.16 +/- 0.46] and in group 2 were significantly higher than group3 [4.35 +/- 0.25] [p<0.001]. A significantly higher load deflection was reported in group 1 [0.73 +/- 0.36] in comparison to group2 [0.56 +/- 0.74] and group 3[0.56 +/- 0.69] [p=0.002], with no significant difference between two latest groups [p=0.999]. The mean range in group 3 [4.15 +/- 0.10] was significantly lower than group 1[5.43 +/- 0.13] and group 2 [5.59 +/- 0.15] [p=<0.001] with no significant difference between group 1 and 2 [p=0.149].The results revealed that increasing length of T-loop with helices will decrease Load deflection rate the place and design of helices might not be a crucial factor. The new design of T-loop with helices relevant to Bouschinger effect theory needs a further survey regarding their position

[Histopathologic evaluation of trabeculectomy specimens and surgical results in patients with chronic primary glaucoma]

To evaluate the histopathologic features of trabeculectomy specimens and the results of trabeculectomy in relation with these features in patients with chronic primary glaucoma. This interventional case series included 30 eyes of 28 patients with primary chronic glaucoma who underwent trabeculectomy between 2004 and 2006. Each case was followed for 6 months postoperatively. Histopathologic features and results of surgery were evaluated. The surgery considered as successful when resulted in intraocular pressure [IOP] <21 mmHg without antigiancoma medication and as failed when resulted in IOP of > 21 mmHg and need to anti-glaucoma agent. Mean age of patients was 59 [range 20 to 90] years and 18 patients [64.3%] were male. Seventeen patients had chronic primary open angle glaucoma and 11 had primary chronic closed angle glaucoma. The operation was performed as fornix-based method in 16 eyes and limbal-based in 14. The surgery was successful in 26 [86.7%] and failed in 4 [13.3%]. The content of trabeculectomy specimens in the successful cases included trabecular meshwork in 15 [57.7%], only scleral in 6 [23.1%] and only corneal tissue in 5 [19.2%] cases. Out of 15 cases with content of trabecular meshwork, 7 cases [26.9% of successful cases] had all three portions of cornea, trabecular meshwork and sclera. This figure was not observed in any failed cases. The content of trabeculectomy specimens in failed cases included trabecular meshwork in 3 cases and only sclera in one case. The size and position of the site of trabeculectomy is variable and seems to have significant effects on the success rate of the surgery such that surgical resection anterior to the scleral spur increases the chance of surgical success

[ Study on the nurse's attitude about their professional rules and legal responsibilities in Jahrom hospitals]

Nursing is a job based on ethical and legal commiments. One of the most significant resposibilities of every nurse is to know the rules and regulations of his/her job. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine, the nursing personnel attitude about their professional rules and responsibilities in jahrom hospitals.The data were collected by a two-part questionnaire. The first part contained demographic data and the second part contained 50 questions, 40 of which were about professional rules and regulations [part one], 7 questions about nursing duties [part two] and 3 about commiting professional crimes [part 3]. The samples involved all of personnel in 2 hospitals [271]. Finally 167 questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software The percent of the answers to each question was also determined. The findings shawed that 60% of the participants were from Ostad Motahari hospital [O.M.H] and 40% from paymanieh hospital [P.H]. The Mean ago of the samples in [O.M.H] was 33.5 and in P.H was 29. Also the mean range of job time in O.M.H was 11.5 and in P.H was 7.5. 65.3% of personnel had B.S nursing degree and 23.4% were auxiliary nurses. The mean rank of the questionnaire was 25. The mean rank of the knowledge in 2 hospitals was 37.52. In O.M.H it was 36.88 and in P.H, 38.48% there was a significant difference between the mean rank of knowledge in P.H [M=29.44 SD +/- 3.14] and in O.M.H [M=28.03 SD +/- 2.29] in part one [p =7000]. However, there were no sighificant difference between the mean rank of knowledge and age, education, marriage job time and type of responsibility. Assessment of the answeres to the questions revealed that the knowledge of 135 [80.8%] personnel about taking oral consent and 95[56.9%] about the consent of a patiem. seeking help or nursing care over the phone, and 101[60.5%] about finding one of the parents and taking the consent before doing any relatively urgent treatment for their children was poor. Also 133 nurses [79.6%] didn't agree damage to the patients due to the negligenle of health care providers, 72[43.1%] said that if work problems occurred in their workplaces, they didn't know where and to which cowst of law to reffer to and 133 [79.6%] said that if there were some professional problems they wouldn't have been supported by their employers. The results showed that the mean rank of knowledge in three parts was higher than the mean rank of the best but in part one the mean rank of knowledge in P.H was higher than O.M.H. probably one reason is that there are more B.S nursing graduates that work in P.H and pass the nursing ethics course. The knowledge of personnel about some important, rules was poor, so the nurses must be educated about some professional rules and the course of nursing law must be added to nursing curriculum. Also by preparing notebooks and in service education, the knowledge of the personnel must be educated