[Survey the relationship between the type of delivery and enamel defects of the first permanent molars]

The enamel of the permanent first molars is initiated at about the 20[th] weeks in uterine. The first partially mineralized enamel matrix is laid down, starting at the sites of future cusps. At birth, the secondary mineralization has started at the cusps and the mineralization continues during the first years after birth. The researches indicated that any stressful event during birth [like cesarean section delivery] is likely to result in clinically evident enamel defects. A few researches considered the possible relation between type of delivery and enamel defects. To investigate the relationship between type of delivery and enamel defects of the first permanent molar. In this analytical historical cohort study, 120 children who were 7-8years-old and had born by cesarean delivery and 120 children at the same age who had born by normal vaginal delivery were chosen to examine clinical feature of their first permanent molars. In cesarean group, there were 60 children who had born by urgent cesarean and 60 children by elective cesarean. The birth files of 1999- 2000 years were extracted and the information about type of delivery, mothers age, and infants health at birth was collected. Enamel defect was recorded according to DDE index. Data was analyzed by T-test and x[2] test. Findings showed enamel defects of the first permanent molars in children who born by cesarean delivery were significantly more than children born by normal vaginal delivery [70% versus 40.8%]. But there weren't any significant relationship between the prevalence of enamel defects in two types of cesarean [30% versus 33%]. According to results, it is necessary to explain the importance of cesarean as a cause of effective factor on child's first permanent morals and have to aware dentists and parents

[Survey of the level of concordance between HSG hysterosalpigography and laparoscopy in diagnosis of tubo-peritoneal factors in infertile women]

Introduction: The HSG is a noninvasive method for tubal assessment in infertile couple and is used as screening test, but laparoscopy is the “gold standard” of tubal disease diagnosis, but it is not used as screening test due to its invasiveness and it's only used in special circumstances. Due to different results about concordance between these two methods, this study was undertaken

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess concordance between HSG and laparoscopy for tubal disease

Material and Methods: This is a prospective study and laparoscopy was done on 200 patients who underwent HSG for assessment of tubal disease from 1999-2002 in Alzahra hospital and then the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of HSG in tubal obstructive, hydrosalpinx and peritoneal adhesion was assessed. At last the concordance between two procedures was calculated

Results: The mean age was 28.5 +/- 5.1.The mean duration of infertility was 3.8 +/- 3.1 years. The results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of HSG in tubal obstruction and concordance with laparoscopy are 60%, 81% and 36% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of HSG in hydrosalpinx and concordance with laparoscopy are 23%, 95% and 23% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of HSG in peritoneal adhesions, endometriosis and concordance with laparoscopy are 37%, 79% and 17% respectively

Conclusion: Our results showed the HSG isn't an accurate procedure for diagnosis of tubo-peritoneal pathology, It seems that not doing HSG by only one radiologist can intervene with the result because of different radiologist's experience in taking film and reports of graphy, therefore it can lead to false interpretation. It's suggested that another study for completing these results be carried out