Morphology, vasculature and innervation of the diaphragm of hedge hog [hemiechinus auiratus]

The Curs dextrum of the diaphragm of the Hedge hog originated from the bodies of the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. However, the Crus sinistrum was splitted at the last thoracic vertebra into a large medial and a small lateral portion. The former attached to the bodies of the 2nd and 3rd lumber vertebrae, while the lateral one arose from the 1st lumbar vertebra. The convex point of the diaphragm was at the level of the 6th rib. Pars costalis attached to the 8th and 9th costal cartilage and the costochondral junction of the 10th rib in addition to the medial aspect of 11, 12 and 13th rib. Pars sternalis was represented by a median muscular band and originated from the thoracic surface of the xiphoid cartilage as well as the cosal cartilage of the 7th rib. Centrum tendineum had a U-shaped with sinuous outer boundary. The Hiatus aorticus was represented by a slit-like tendinous orifice interposed between the right crus and the medial portion of the left one, at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra. The Hiatus oesophageus was a fleshy orifice situated between both right and left crura, at the level of 10th to 11th rib. On the other hand, the foramen venae cavae was located at the level of the 8th rib. The diaphragm was supplied by A. phrencia cranialis and Rr. phrenici of the 8th to 12th Aa. intercostals dorsales. It was drained through Vv. Phrenicae dextrum et sinistrum, in addition to 8th to 12th Vv. Intercostales dorsales in addition to other tributaries which drained the two crura and joined the V. azygos. Each N. phrenicus was formed by the two crura and joined the V. azygos. Each N. phrenicus was formed by the contribution of the ventral branches of the 5th, 6th and 7th cervical spinal nerves

Origin, course and distribution of the venae cordis in the rabbit and goat [comparative study]

The venae cordis in both the rabbit and goat were represented by 1-V. cordis magna, 2-V. cordis media, 3-Vv. cordis dextrae and 4-Vv. cordis minimae. In the rabbit, the origin of the V. cordis magna from the ventral aspect of the V. cava cranialis sinistra was more diverse than in the goat, in which it constituted the cranial continuation of the Sinus coronarius. In both animals, the V. cordis magna vascularized the Ventriculus sinister through R. intermedius and Rr. proximales ventriculares sinister. Moreover, it drained the two ventricles by R. interventricularis paraconalis. It also branched off the R. Proximalis atrii sinister to vascularize the Atrium sinistrum. In the rabbit, the V. cordis media was derived directly from the Atrium dextrum, however, in the goat it splited from the Sinus coronarius. It drained the two ventricles, moreover, it participated the preceding vessel to vascularize the Septum interventriculare via several small Rr septales. In the rabbit, the Vv. cordis dextrae were demonstrated as two slender vessels, however, in the goat, they were 4-5 considerable ones, which converged to constitute a main trunk. They diverged from the Atrium dextrum to drain it as well as the Ventriculus dexter. As an adjunct to the preceding vessels, several minute ones [Vv. cordis minimae being intcrvented within the myocardium of the four chambers and emptied into the cavity of the ventriculus dexter as well as the Atrium dextrum

Venous drainage of the gastrointestinal tract in the goat

The venous drainage of the gastrointestinal tract in the goat was performed by means of three main vessels; V. gastroduodenalis, V. lienalis and V. mesentrica cranialis. The former, vascularized the duodenum and abomasum. The V. lienalis drained the four compartments of the stomach. The V. mesentrica cranialis conveyed the venous blood from the small intestine and the ascending colon. The present study revealed that the venous blood of the transverse and descending colons was drained by the V.mesentrica caudalis which is considered as a collateral branch of the V. mesentrica cranialis. The study also demonstrated a considerable amount of venous anastomises within the entire wall of the abomasum, formed between the gastric branches of the V. gastrica sinistra, V. gastroepiploica sinstra, V. gastrica dextra and V. gastroepiploica dextra. The suitable sites for surgical approach in case of ruminal and reticular affections were also described

Comparative morphological study on the abdominal musculature of the rabbit and cat

The M. obliques externus abdominis in rabbit was evidently formed of Pars costalis and Pars lumbalis. However in cat, it was represented by a single sheet of muscle fibres. The muscle in both rabbit and cat was inserted by lateral, intermediate and medial aponeurotic sheets. This investigation did not reveal any attachement for the M.oblique internus abdominis to the Tuber coxae, costal arch or the prepublic tendon in both rabbit and cat but it was principally attached to the inguinal ligament and the linea alba. In the cat, the M.transversus abdomisis was composed of a Pars superficialis directed cranio-ventrally and a Pars profunda proceeded caudo-ventrally. This contrasting orientation of the muscle fibres may sustain the abdominal wall against various trauma. In rabbit, this muscle was represented, by a single muscular sheet entirely covered by the M.obliques externus abdominal. In the rabbit, the M.rectus abdominis presented many tendinous intersections which were absent in the cat. The external rectus sheeth in the cat was formed of a superficial and a deep layer while in the rabbit it was represented by a single layer. The anulus inguinalis superficialis and profunda in both animals were fully studied

Some macromorphological observations on the venous drainage of the udder in the she-donkey

The mammary glands in the she-donkey was drained by the V. epigastrica caudalis and the V. epigastrica caudalis superficialis. The former arose from the V. profunda femoris and issued the V. mammaria profunda. On reaching the base of the mammary gland, the latter vessel gave off the rami medialis, media and lateralis. The V.epigastrica caudalis superficialis was detached from the V. mammaria superficialis which divided into ramus cranialis and ramus caudalis

Some morphological studies on the hyoid muscles of the goat [capra hircus]

The origin, insertion and relations of the hyoid muscles of the goat were described. The obtained results were compared with those of other domestic animals

contribution on the innervation of the teeth in donkey

Work was carried on the heads of ten adult donkeys, to persuade the various nerves supplying the teeth of the upper and lower jaws. It was found that the molar teeth of the upper jaw, except the first one, are innervated by the rami alveolares maxillares caudales, while all the molars of the lower jaw are supplied by the rami alveolares m and ibulares caudales. The premolar teeth are supplied by several branches detached from the rami alveolaris maxillaris [or m and ibularis] media. The canine and incisor teeth are innervated by the rami alveolares maxillares [or m and ibulars] rostrales which issued from the union established between the ramus alveolaris maxillaris [or m and ibularis] media of both sides. The obtained results have been discussed with the available literatures and illustrated by two diagrams

Some anatomical studies on the innervation of the perineal region in the donkey [equus asinus]

The innervation of the perineal region in the donkey of both sexes was described and illustrated during the present investigation. The region was propably innervated via the N. pudendus, the N. rectalis caudalis and the ramus for the M. coccygeus and M. levator ani. The origin, course and distribution for each was fully studied. The possible sites for blockade of the N. rectal is caudalis and R. cutaneus distalis was also determined. Terminology for these nerves was applied according to N. A. V. [1983]