ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the current situation and associated factors of cellphone usage and addiction among Chinese children and adolescents, to provide reference for effective prevention and intervention of cellphone addiction.@*Methods@#Using a stratified random sampling approach, 11 213 children and adolescents and their parents from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China were recruited and surveyed.@*Results@#The median of daily mobile phone use time among Chinese children and adolescents were 120.00 minutes, as reported by either children or parents. Child s age( β =0.12), hedonic( β =0.11) and social( β =0.09) cellphone use motivations positively related to time spent on cellphone( P <0.01). Cellphone related parental communication( β =-0.06) and knowledge( β =-0.03), as well as cellphone usage on instrumental( β =-0.04) or self representation( β =-0.16) motivation negatively related to time spent on cellphone( P <0.05). Child s age( β =-0.04), cellphone related parental communication( β =-0.09) and awareness( β =-0.14), cellphone use on instrumental motivation( β =-0.22) were negatively associated with cellphone addiction among children and adolescents( P <0.05). Cellphone related parental monitoring( β =0.07), as well as cellphone usage on self representation motivation( β =0.03) or hedonic motivation( β =0.29) positively related to cellphone addiction in children and adolescents( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Time spent on mobile phone and mobile phone addiction of Chinese children and adolescents are influenced by various internal and external factors, such as the mobile phone use motivation and parenting style.Future school education should help children develop scientific motivation for mobile phone use. Family education should help parents develop positive parenting behaviors such as communication and awareness, so as to reduce the possibility of improper mobile phone use.
ABSTRACT
Abstract@#Appropriate physical activity has positive impact on physical health of children. This review summarizes and analyzes the current situation of children s physical activity in China, adverse health impacts by low level of physical activity, influencing factors and the progress of children s physical activity assessment. Through reviewing the literature, it is found that Chinese children s physical activity levels are insufficient, with physical activity levels of boys higher than girls, increasing possible health risks in children. Also, built environment, air pollution, family and individual factors are closely related to children s physical activity. At last, this article analyzes the limitation of current research on children s physical activity, and puts forward suggestions for improving children s physical activity levels in China.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To summarize the treatment options for congenital maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (MLIA).@*Methods @#Review the literature, summarize the current treatment options and advantages and disadvantages of various methods of MLIA, and analyze cases. @*Results @#When a patient′s occlusion and other conditions are suitable for space closure and canine substitution, closure of the gap is the recommended method, as it has good aesthetic results and leads to good periodontal health. However, when closure cannot be performed, a dental implant has a strong advantage compared with other restoration methods. When planning implants for MLIA patients, doctors should carefully select the correct surgery time and take care with the implant position to obtain good results.@* Conclusion@#In the choice of a treatment plan for MLIA, we need to use the concept of multidisciplinary combined treatment to obtain a more satisfactory treatment effect with regard to aesthetics and function.
ABSTRACT
@#Currently, computer-aided implant surgeries include implant placement surgery under the guidance of a dynamic navigation system. With the use of software inherent in the navigation system, doctors can make a preoperative plan including the ideal position of the implant. Then the plan can be accurately transferred to the surgery, during which the real-time condition of the drill and its relationship with the surgical region will be visualized by the surgeon and the drill can be adjusted in a timely manner. Currently the dynamic navigation system is increasingly widely utilized, especially in cases of esthetic zones or surgical sites with important anatomical structures. However, the clinical workflow of the navigation system is complicated, including CBCT taken after the registration device placement, prosthetic-driven 3D design, calibration, registration, navigated borehole preparation and implant placement surgery. Many details should be considered when the device is applied, including implant position design, fixation of the tracking device, registration, and stable borehole preparation under the guidance of dynamic navigation. Therefore, this article introduces the dynamic navigation system into the clinical workflow and evaluates, the effects of the application and the clinical features. The new progress of the navigation system in the field of implantology is demonstrated at the same time, including navigated surgery in fully edentulous arches and in the zygomatic zone. Further improvements in the navigation system in terms of the accuracy and simplification of the workflow are needed in the future.