ABSTRACT
Background: Some infections share common modes of transmission with HIV and have the potential to change the course of the latter. Aim: To assess the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) hepatitis C virus (HCV), Treponema palladium and Toxoplasmosis gondii co-infections in HIV-1 infected patients followed at a university hospital. Material and methods: Clinical records of HIV-positive individuals were reviewed. The analysis included: demographical data, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), IgM and IgG anti-HBc, antibodies, anti-HCV antibodies, RPR or VDRL test and IgG anti Tgondii antibodies. Results: Three hundred ninety five patients (aged 16 to 89years, 359 males) were included in the review. Seventy nine percent had been tested for HBV status with HBsAg, and the global HIV-HBV co-infection prevalence was 6.1 percent. A subgroup of190 individuals were tested for HBV infection with HBsAg and IgM/IgG anti-HBc markers. Of these, 46 percent fulfilled co-infection criteria: eight with acute hepatitis B, 11 with chronic hepatitis B and 69 with inactive HBV infection. The frequency of HIV-HBV co-infection was 48 percent and 22 percent among men and women respectively (NS). HCV-HN co-infection was detected in 3 percent, syphilis-HIV co-infection in 21 percent and T gondii-HIV co-infection in 26 percent. Conclusions: In this cohort, HIV infection is accompanied by a high prevalence of other co-infections, particularly HBV among men.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Syphilis/epidemiology , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Chile/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Hepatitis B/diagnosis , Hepatitis C/diagnosis , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Syphilis/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis/diagnosis , Young AdultABSTRACT
The present article intends to create a more healthy relationship between death and the pediatric patient and, besides, deliver minimal tools to physicians, parents and children, in order to live this experience in a better way. To achieve this purpose, we based our study on bibliographical research and patients-psychologists-physicians experiences from pediatric oncology at our hospital. Piaget defines a clear progression in the child idea of death, ranging from intuition to abstraction. Although language will not be the same in every case, there is no minimum age for a child to deal in its own way with the death of the people who surround him. Not allowing children to suffer for their loved persons will not help them heal the wounds they experiment. An abnormal approach can determine mistaken, painful, and guilty conclusions that we must avoid
El tema de la muerte en los niños está pobremente integrado como una realidad en la práctica clínica. El presente artículo pretende lograr un acercamiento más sano a aquel escenario que reúne a la muerte y al paciente pediátrico, y entregar las mínimas herramientas a médicos, padres y a los mismos niños, para vivir estas experiencias de mejor manera. Para lograrlo, se basa en revisión bibliográfica, y experiencias de pacientes, médicos y psicólogos del departamento de oncología pediátrica del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica. La idea de muerte en el niño sigue una cadena evolutiva, desde la intuición hasta la abstracción. A pesar de que el lenguaje no será el mismo en todos los casos, no hay edad ideal para permitir a un niño lidiar con la muerte de quienes lo rodean y la suya propia. Ciertos errores clásicos, algunos amparados en una buena intención, pueden generar efectos adversos. El no hacer parte a los niños del duelo de sus queridos, no les permite cerrar las heridas que experimentan en su manera. Duelos anormales pueden llevarlo a conclusiones erradas, dolorosas, y culpógenas, que se deberían evitar