Prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in rural community of Barabanki

Background: Hypertension is one of the most important non-communicable diseases. Although high blood pressure is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the prevalence of hypertension still remains unclear for most populations. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of hypertension in rural area of Faizabad and to identify the associated risk factors for hypertension.Methods: This community-based cross sectional study was carried out among 300 adults from a randomly selected village in rural health training centre, Safdarganj who were aged 18 years and above over a period of 3 months from March 2019 to May 2019. Participants were interviewed and examined for the assessment of socio-demographic detail, behavioral and lifestyle risk factors of hypertension. Template generated in MS excel sheet and analysis was done on SPSS software.Results: Among 300 study participants, 45.3% were male and 54.7% were female. The prevalence of hypertension was observed to be 10.33%. It was found to be more common in males. Prevalence increased as the age increased. The prevalence of hypertension was high among obese and those consuming more than 2 spoons of salt every day.Conclusions: Prevalence of hypertension is different in different parts of the country. Higher age, male sex, tobacco use, obesity, less physical activity and high salt intake are significantly associated with hypertension.

A Study Of Ossicle At Asterion In Western U.P. Of North Indian Crania.

Background: Studies of non metric cranial variants have been a field of considerable interest to research workers especially because of their racial and regional importance. Methodology: Total of 28 north Indian human crania of western U.P. was studied for the incidence of Ossicle at Asterion a cranial variant. Results: Ossicle at Asterion was found in 4 (14.2%) of total human crania. Conclusion: The presence of Ossicle at Asterion found to be of considerable regional and racial significance.

Unilateral Superficial Brachial Artery With High Origin Of Profunda Brachii Artery.

Abstracts: Variations of the axillary artery have been frequently observed during routine anatomy dissection classes. These variations of vascular system are of considerable significance for surgical and radiological procedures. Accurate knowledge of these variations is desirable as well as essential as they may be mistaken for veins that may lead to formation of gangrene and even loss of hand during surgical procedures. Reported here is one such case of A unilateral superficial brachial artery with a high origin of Profunda Brachii artery (PBA) as observed during routine dissection class of medical students at Rohilkhand Medical College, Bareilly, India.

Incidence of bregmatic bone in north Indian skulls.

Background and objective: Studies of non-meteric cranial variants have been a field of considerable interest to research workers specially because of their racial and regional importance. Supernumerary ossicles (or Wormian bones) of the cranial vault are formations associated with insufficient rate of suture closure. It was reported that there exists racial variability among the incidence of these bones. Material and methods: Studies of fifty north Indian skulls of Rohilkhand Medical College Bareilly and Shri Ram MurtiSmarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, U.P. were studied for the incidence of Bregmatic bone cranial variant. Results: In our study the incidence of bregmatic bone was 4%, which was higher than reported elsewhere. Conclusion: The findings are discussed in the light of available literature and are of considerable racial and regional significance. We believe that the knowledge of bregmatic bone is of importance to the neuroanatomists, neurosurgeons, radiologists, anthropologists, paediatricians and morphologists.

A study of mastoid foramen in adult north Indian crania.

Background: Non metric cranial variants have always been a topic of considerable interest for research workers, as they possess racial, regional and sex dimorphic differences. These variants are also of anthropometric, genetic, morphological and forensic importance. Material and methods: 71 skulls from north indian region were studied for one of such variant, absence of mastoid foramen and presence of multiple mastoid foramen. Results: Incidence of absent mastoid foramen is 7.04 %, while bilateral incidence of absent mastoid foramen is only 1.4 %, however unilaterally mastoid foramen is absent in 5.63 %. (2.8 % on right side and 2.8 % on left side). Incidence of multiple mastoid foramina is 12.67 %, out of this it is bilateral in 8.45 %, however unilaterally it is present in 4.22 %. ( 1.40 % on right side and 2.81 % on left side).Conclusions: Findings are discussed and compared with other global studies and are found to be of considerable racial and regional significance. Knowledge of this variant is valuable in some neurosurgical and otolaryngeal procedures.

A study of metopic suture in adult north Indian skulls.

Background:- Studies of non metric cranial variants have been a field of considerable interest to research workers especially because of their racial and regional importance. Material and Methods:- Total of 40 north Indian skulls of U.P. were studied for the incidence of metopism, a cranial variant in the present study. Results:- Metopism was found in 2(5%) of total of human skulls. Conclusion:-The presence of Metopic suture found to be of considerable regional and racial significance and it simulates fracture of frontal bone, therefore its presence should be properly ruled out in X-rays.

Patho-epidemiology of cancer corpus uteri in Karachi South '1995-1997'.

AIM: To provide demographics and pathology of cancer of the uterine corpus in Karachi. METHODOLOGY: Data for 66 incident cases of cancer corpus uteri, ICD-10 category C54-5 registered at the Karachi Cancer Registry, for Karachi South, during a 3 year period, 1st January, 1995 to 31st December 1997 were reviewed. RESULTS: Cancer uterine corpus (1995-97) was the sixth most common malignancy, following breast, oral cavity, ovary, esophagus and cervix. The age standardized incidence rate (ASR) world and crude incidence rate (CIR) per 100,000 were 6.4 (4.73 to 8.01) and 2.9 (2.18 to 3.57). The mean age was 53.7 years (SD 15.6; range 6-90 years). Fifty eight cases were endometrial carcinoma with ASR world and CIR per 100,000 of 5.77 (4.20 to 7.33) and 2.53 (1.88 to 3.18) respectively. Sarcomas comprised 6% of the cases. Approximately a third of the females (28.8%) were below 50 years of age. The age-specific curves showed a gradual increase from the fourth till the seventh decade, followed by an actual apparent decrease in risk after 70 years. Peak incidence was observed in the 65-69 year age group. Presenting symptoms were post-menopausal bleeding (86.4%) and purulent discharge (4%). Associated pathologies included adenomyosis, adenomatous hyperplasia (12% each) or leiomyoma (8%). Associated clinical conditions were diabetes mellitus and hypertension (4% each). The majority of the cases presented as well differentiated (39.4%), localized (59.1%) lesions. CONCLUSION: The incidence of cancer corpus uteri in Karachi South reflects a moderate risk population, predominantly middle aged with a higher socio-economic status. On the average the malignancy is observed a decade earlier then reported elsewhere. This calls for in-depth investigation of risk factors and identification of underlying etiology.

Patho-epidemiology of breast cancer in Karachi '1995-1997'.

OBJECTIVE: Provide an overview of the demographics and pathology of breast cancer in the female population of Karachi South during a 3 year period, 1995-1997. METHODS: Epidemiological data for 709 incident breast cancer cases, ICD-10 category C50 registered at Karachi Cancer Registry during 1st January 1995 to 31st December 1997 were reviewed. RESULTS: Breast cancer accounted for approximately one-third of the cancers in females. The age standardized incidence rate (ASR) world per 100,000 was 53.8, the crude incidence rate was 30.9. In KS 60% of the newly diagnosed breast cancers were observed in women below 50 years. The age-specific curves showed a gradual increase in risk from the third up till the seventh decade, followed by an actual/apparent decrease in risk. The socio-economic distribution was 24.9% in category I the financially deprived class, 38.9% in category II the middle class and 35.9% in category III, the affluent class. Microscopic confirmation of malignancies was 99%. Invasive breast cancers predominated with 99.4%, with in-situ cancers contributing to 0.6% of the malignancies. The morphology of cancers was tilted towards duct cell carcinoma (DCC), pure DCC (92%), combinations of DCC /Paget's disease (0.6%) and lobular carcinoma (0.4%). Approximately 45% of duct cell carcinoma were seen in the premenopausal age group (<45 years). All bilateral breast cancers were duct cell carcinoma with a family history of first degree relative with breast cancer. The majority of the cases presented as moderately differentiated or grade 2 lesions (59.0%). Approximately 56% cancers had spread to the regional lymph nodes and 8.3% to a distant site at the time of diagnosis. A family history of first degree relative with breast cancer was present in 3% and second degree relatives in 7% of the cases. Odds ratio (OR) for 680 breast cancer cases with complete demographic information was calculated with 675 gender matched controls. A slightly higher risk was observed in non-Muslims and migrant ethnicities: two to three fold elevation in the Indian migrants (Gujrati speaking Mohajirs OR 3.86 (95% CI 2.51; 5.92) Urdu speaking Mohajirs OR 2.85 (95% CI 2.05; 3.96), Memon Mohajirs OR 2.21 (95% CI 1.48; 3.29) and Afghan migrants [OR 2.99 (95% CI 11.20; 7.44)]. The risk was also high in the females of Punjabi ethnicity settled in KS [OR 2.73 (95% CI 1.87; 3.99)]. The risk seems much less for the ethnicities belonging to North Western Pakistan i.e. Pathans [OR 1.684 (95% CI 0.89; 3.17)] and Baluchs [OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.58; 1.39)]. A marginally higher risk was observed in the higher socio-economic categories.The risk of developing breast cancer increased gradually for each age category from illiterate [OR 1.2 (95% CI 0.94; 1.55)] to college graduates [OR 13.12 (95% CI 7.31; 23.73)]. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of breast cancer in Karachi South (KS) for the period 1995-1997 was the third highest in Asia. The hallmarks were a high reproductive age malignancy involving a higher socio-economic class, an invasive duct cell carcinoma diagnosed at an advanced stage, in younger more educated females and a low in-situ malignancy. More studies are required to obtain a deeper insight into this breast cancer epidemic in Karachi. Implementation of breast cancer screening with stress on public health education is today a major responsibility of the government.