ABSTRACT
Introduction: Pelvic inflammatory diseases [PID] is caused by infections in the female reproductive tract that includes pelvic peritoneum, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the endometrium. These infections are commonly caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea, or other sexually transmitted infections. 800,000 women get a diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease annually in the United States. PID usually causes irreversible damage to the reproductive tract, and treatment mainly depends on preventing further scarring or complications. Immediate broad spectrum antibiotics are indicated. Treatment can include hospitalization as well as surgery
Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, from January 1985 to February 2017. The following search terms were used: pelvic inflammatory diseases, pathogens causing pelvic inflammatory diseases, causes of infertility, treatment and diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory diseases
Aim: In this review, we aim to study the pathophysiology and etiology of pelvic inflammatory diseases, as well as to study the diagnosis, treatment, and possible complications of this condition
Conclusion: It is essential to raise the awareness and knowledge of females in general regarding PID and its symptoms, as early detection will significantly decrease the likelihood of severe complications. Other than infertility, complications of pelvic inflammatory disease include chronic pain. More research is needed in this field to improve management and care of patients suffering from this condition
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in young adults less than years
Materials and methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study with 164 occurrence acute myocardial infarction cases [21 women; 143 men], consecutively visited King Abdulaziz hospital, KSA, and 227 controls [81 women; 146 men], From February 2016 till February 2017. All women are non-Saudi women. Odds ratios [OR] and 95% confidence intervals [95%CI] were calculated using unconditional logistic regression
Results: The commonness of present smoking was 81% in male cases and 54% in male controls [OR = 3.59, 95%CI: 2.49, 5.31] and 60% of female cases were smokers compared with 36% of controls [OR = 2.65, 95%CI: 1.40, 4.98]. No interaction was found between current smoking and gender on myocardial infarction risk [P = 0.399]. A dose-effect response was present, the odds favoring myocardial infarction reaching an eight-fold increase for those who smoked >25 cigarettes/day compared with never smokers. The risk estimate for former smokers was similar to never smokers
Conclusions: Tobacco smoking is an important independent risk factor for acute myocardial infarction in young adults, with similar strength of association for both genders