Reduction in dysfunctional thought processes by the use of cognitive behavioral interventions among Pakistani couples with marital dissatisfaction

Marital dissatisfaction is one of the major issues of our times. The purpose of the study is to assess reduction in this dysfunction by the use of cognitive behavioral interventions. When these interventions are employed to decrease dissatisfaction in marriage the focus is to bring about a change in thinking patterns, cognitive features and style of information processing along with the employment of effective strategies to resolve problems in marriage. It was hypothesized that couples who received cognitive behavioral interventions would be able to reduce the frequency of their dysfunctional thinking [Cognitive Distortions] as compared to couples who did not receive the interventions. For the study 50 married couples were randomly allocated into two equal groups: the experimental group [the couples who received the treatment] and the control group [waited for the treatment to be given]. Demographic information relating to age, gender, educational qualification, number of years of marriage, number of children and the socioeconomic status, was obtained from participants in both experimental and control groups. The mean age of the males in the experimental group was 39.24, and mean age of their spouses was 35.20. Whereas the mean age of males in the control group was 41.64 and the mean age of their spouses was 36.72. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Findings of the study demonstrated that couples who received cognitive behavioral interventions showed marked reduction in distorted thought patterns compared to couples who did not receive the interventions. The study findings have significant implications for clinicians who are dealing with marital issues

Differences of coping responses between genders

Current research intended to find out the differences of coping responses between genders. Hence for the present research it was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference between scaled scores of focus of coping [approach and avoidance] responses of males and females Quantitative study. Karachi Pakistan. The total sample consisted of 150 volunteer students [75 males and 75 females from different universities of Karachi Sample age range was between 18 to 26 years Mean age of total sample was 21.32 years. Moreover mean age of males and females were 20.97 and 21.67 respectively First a consent form was signed by the students, then a demographic form was administered to record the basic information like age, gender, family income, residential area, educational institute etc. Coping Responses Inventory adult[1] was administered to find out the coping responses The CRI-A has two types of coping responses i.e. focus and method for the present research only focus of coping was considered. t-test was calculated to analyze the results. Results showed difference in only Emotional Discharge [avoidance focus of coping] between males and females at t [2.05=144 p<0.042 level. Thus the hypothesj5 is partially verified. It is concluded that there is no significant difference between coping responses of males and females except in one of the components of avoidance focus of coping [i.e. emotional discharge]

Perception of parenting styles and vulnerability to depression in adulthood

The present study is an attempt to investigate the effects of perceived parental styles on the psychological health of adults. Researches reveal that rejection and overprotection specially play a significant role in developing their perception for parental styles as adaptive or maladaptive. In the light of the research review, it has been hypothesized that individuals who perceive their parental styles as maladaptive are more vulnerable to psychological problems like depression than individuals who perceive their parental styles as adaptive. Perceived parental styles and the psychological problems were measured by the Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppforstran [EMBU, Swedish acronym for "My Memories of Upbringing] and Symptom Assessment-45 [SA-45] questionnaire's respectively. The sample comprised one hundred and sixty one [161] students, i.e. 81 male and 80 female students participated in this research. Initially they filled the demographic information form and then EMBU and SA-45 questionnaires were administered. The scores of EMBU questionnaire of the students were statistically evaluated by 95% Confidence Interval. Furthermore one-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] and t-test were applied on the data in order to get statistical significance of results. Results reveal that high parental rejection and high parental overprotection groups had significantly higher depression scores as compared to low parental rejection and low overprotection groups