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With a global rise in morbidity rates， obesity has become a pressing public health issue. With increased adipocyte number and volume as the main characteristics， obesity is also manifested by metabolic disorders to varying degrees. At the same time， obesity is a risk factor for diabetes， hypertension， stroke， cancer， and cardiovascular diseases， imposing burdens on society and families. Influenced by lifestyle， environment， behavior， and genetics， obesity is caused by the interaction of many factors， and its pathological process is complex， involving inflammation， autophagy， and intestinal dysbiosis. The mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） cascade reaction， a pivotal signaling pathway， plays a crucial role in cellular processes such as proliferation， differentiation， apoptosis， and stress responses. Both Chinese and international studies indicate that the MAPK signaling pathway can effectively regulate obesity through various pathways， including the modulation of adipocyte differentiation and apoptosis， appetite control， and inflammation improvement. Moreover， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has demonstrated significant efficacy in preventing and treating obesity， leveraging advantages such as multiple targets， diverse components， and minimal adverse effects. Research indicates that the MAPK signaling pathway is a primary focus of TCM regulation in this context， although a systematic review in this field is currently lacking. Therefore， this paper， by reviewing the latest Chinese and international research， provided a concise overview of the basic structure of the MAPK pathway， with a specific emphasis on recent progress in TCM interventions targeting the MAPK pathway for obesity treatment. The results indicate that regulating adipose tissue formation， differentiation， and thermogenesis， reducing inflammation and oxidative stress levels， and improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic disorders seem to be the main ways for TCM to regulate the MAPK pathway to prevent and treat obesity. However， it is necessary to find more research methods and explore potential mechanisms underlying TCM formulations based on the MAPK pathway for obesity prevention and treatment.
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Treating dentofacial deformities secondary to condylar resorption is a remarkable clinical challenge. Combined orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery is currently the main treatment scheme and is often integrated with temporomandibular joint surgery or conservative treatment according to the severity of condylar resorption. This paper discussed the etiology, clinical features, imaging features, treatment options, and prophylaxis of condylar resorption.
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Humans , Bone Resorption , Dentofacial Deformities , Mandibular Condyle , Orthognathic Surgery , Orthognathic Surgical Procedures , Temporomandibular JointABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of Xipayi Mouth Rinse in the treatment of halitosis.Methods:PubMed/MEDLINE,China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (1979-2015) and Weipu Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (1989-2013) were systemically searched.The methodological quality of the included trials was assessed based on the Jadad scale and the available data were analyzed with RevMan software (version 5.3).Results:8 studies involving 608 participants satisfied the minimum criteria for Meta-analysis.The evidence showed that the Organoleptic Score (OS) of Xipayi Mouth Rinse compared with placebo for treatment of halitosis was [WMD =-0.43,95％ CI (-0.57,-0.29)],plaque index (PLI) [WMD =-1.59,95％ CI (-1.67,-1.51)];the OS of Xipayi Mouth Rinse compared with western medicine [WMD =0.16,95％ CI (0.05,0.28)],PLI [WMD =0.10,95％ CI(0.03,0.18)];the total efficiency of Xipayi Mouth Rinse compared with normal saline was[RR:1.64,95％ CI(1.11,2.42)].Conclusion:The current clinical evidence showed that the effectiveness of Xipayi Mouth Rinse in the treatment of halitosis is higher than the Placebo,but lower than western medicine.
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BACKGROUND:Previous studies have shown that traumatic brain injury can promote the regeneration of peripheral nerve by reducing scar collagen in nerve endings.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of brain injury at different locations on the ipsilateral rat sciatic nerve regeneration.METHODS:Ninety-nine healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were equivalently randomized into three groups:group A,right sciatic nerve transection;group B,right sciatic nerve transection combined with right brain injury;and group C,right sciatic nerve transection combined with left brain injury.All of transected nerves were sutured under microscope.Classical Feeney method was used to establish a model of traumatic brain injury.At 4,6,8,10 and 12 weeks after modeling,the sciatic functional index (SFI) was calculated by measuring footprint.At 4,8 and 12 weeks after modeling,the bilateral gastrocnemius were harvested for determining wet weight and calculate wet weight ratio,followed by acetylcholinesterase staining at the motor end plate to detect the absorbance values.At 4,8 and 12 weeks after modeling,fluoro-gold retrograde tracing was used to trace L4-5 vertebrae for 1 week,and the number of spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons positive for fluoro-gold was detected and calculated by fluorescence microscope.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The SFI value in each group was gradually improved with time.The SFI value was significantly higher in the groups B and C than the group A at 4 and 6 weeks after modeling (P ＜ 0.05),and was further improved in the group B at 8 weeks compared with the groups A and C (P ＜ 0.05).The wet weight ratio of gastrocnemius showed no significant difference among groups at 4 weeks after modeling (P ＞ 0.05),and the group B showed a significantly higher wet weight ratio than the other groups from the 8th week (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the groups A and C,the absorbance values of motor endplate in group B appeared to be a significant increase at the beginning of the 8th week (P ＜ 0.05).At 4 and 6 weeks after modeling,the number of spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons positive for fluoro-gold was significantly nigher in the groups B and C than in the group A,and the number was significantly higher in the group B than the groups A and C at 12 weeks (all P ＜ 0.05).These finding manifest that brain injury can promote the repair of ipsilateral sciatic nerve injury,thus proving theoretical reference for unveiling the mechanism by which traumatic brain injury promotes peripheral nerve regeneration.
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BACKGROUND:Insulin analogues have been extensively applied in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.Insulin glargine has a higher affinity for insulin like growth factor 1 receptor compared with human insulin.Further research is needed to ensure whether insulin and its analogues exert same effects on fracture healing in type 2 diabetes mellitus.OBJECTIVE:To observe the osteocalcin expression and callus formation in the healing of fracture in type 2 diabetic rats induced by human insulin and insulin glargine,to observe the difference between two treatment methods,and to explore the related mechanisms.METHODS:Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into human insulin group (group A),insulin glargine group (group B),diabetes mellitus group (group C) and control group (group D).Rats in the groups A,B and C were fed with high-sugar and high-fat diet for 4 weeks followed by intraperitoneal injection of small-dosage streptozotocin twice,to establish the rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus.After the right tibia of each rat was broken,insulin glargine and Novolin 30R were used in the groups A and B,respectively.Fracture healing was observed on X-ray,callus formation and number of osteoblasts were observed by microscope,and serum level of osteocalcin was measured by ELISA method at 1,2,4,and 6 weeks after modeling.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:X-ray results revealed better fracture healing in the groups A,B and D than the group C.Osteoblast proliferation in callus was significantly better in the groups A,B and D than in the group C.Serum level of osteocalcin in each group was on the rise,which was significantly higher in the groups A,B and D than the group C (P ＜ 0.05),but had no significant difference among groups A,B and D (P ＞ 0.05).In summary,insulin glargine can increase the serum level of osteocalcin,accelerate the callus formation,and improve the healing of fracture in type 2 diabetic rats.Furthermore,there is no significant difference in the therapeutic efficacy between insulin glargine and human insulin.
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Objective To investigate the level and clinical significance of D-dimer(D-D) and fibrinogen(Fib) in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.Methods The 83 patients with first-episode schizophrenia from March 2014 to December 2016 were selected as the study group,meanwhile 58 healthy subjects without mental illness and major somatic diseases were selected as control group.Two groups of subjects were collected from fasting sodium citrate anticoagulated plasma to detect level of D-D and Fib.Resuits The level of D-D in the first-episode schizophrenia group was(240.42±245.78)μg/L,which was significantly higher than that in the control group(76.53±71.25)μg/L,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).While the level of Fib in the first-episode schizophrenia group (2.62 ± 0.49) g/L was significantly lower than that of the control group (2.87 ± 0.65) g/L,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The increase in D-D levels and the reduction in Fib levels in patients with firstepisode schizophrenia were not related to gender.Conclusion he patients with first-episode schizophrenia in acute stage may have hypercoagulable status and secondary fibrinolysis.
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Objective To investigate the level and clinical significance of D-dimer(D-D) and fibrinogen(Fib) in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.Methods The 83 patients with first-episode schizophrenia from March 2014 to December 2016 were selected as the study group,meanwhile 58 healthy subjects without mental illness and major somatic diseases were selected as control group.Two groups of subjects were collected from fasting sodium citrate anticoagulated plasma to detect level of D-D and Fib.Resuits The level of D-D in the first-episode schizophrenia group was(240.42±245.78)μg/L,which was significantly higher than that in the control group(76.53±71.25)μg/L,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).While the level of Fib in the first-episode schizophrenia group (2.62 ± 0.49) g/L was significantly lower than that of the control group (2.87 ± 0.65) g/L,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The increase in D-D levels and the reduction in Fib levels in patients with firstepisode schizophrenia were not related to gender.Conclusion he patients with first-episode schizophrenia in acute stage may have hypercoagulable status and secondary fibrinolysis.
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This study was to investigate the effect of annexin A5 on testosterone secretion from primary rat Leydig cells and the underlying mechanisms. Isolated rat Leydig cells were treated with annexin A5. Testosterone production was detected by chemiluminescence assay. The protein and mRNA of Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR), P450scc, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), and 17α-hydroxylase were examined by Western blotting and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Annexin A5 significantly stimulated testosterone secretion from rat Leydig cells in dose- and time-dependent manners and increased mRNA and protein expression of StAR, P450scc, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD but not 17α-hydroxylase. Annexin A5 knockdown by siRNA significantly decreased the level of testosterone and protein expression of P450scc, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD. The significant activation of ERK1/2 signaling was observed at 5, 10, and 30 min after annexin A5 treatment. After the pretreatment of Leydig cells with ERK inhibitor PD98059 (50 μmol l-1 ) for 20 min, the effects of annexin A5 on promoting testosterone secretion and increasing the expression of P450scc, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD were completely abrogated (P < 0.05). Thus, ERK1/2 signaling is involved in the roles of annexin A5 in mediating testosterone production and the expression of P450scc, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD in Leydig cells.
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Objective To in ve stigate the effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on matrix metallop roteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity and its mRNA expression in renal cortex of rats. Methods Diabetic model of rats was induced by s treptozotocin. AGEs were prepared by incubation of rat serum protein with 0.5 mo l/L glucose. AGEs was administered intravenously to normal rats (AGEs group), an d native rat serum protein was given as negative control (negative group) and no rmal rats without treatment were as control (control group). AGEs content in ren al cortex and serum was quantified by ELISA, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA expressions were examined by RT-PCR and MMP-2 activity was measured by zymography. Results AGEs content increased significantly, MMP-2 mRNA expression descended and TIMP-2 mRNA expression ascended in renal cortex o f diabetic rats (all P
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A procedure for the preparation of PCR template from Saccharomyces cerevisiae using boiling method is described,and arg-13 gene from low copy ARSCEN plasmid and ymc1 gene from genomic DNA are amplified with high efficiency respectively.