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Objective:To investigate the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis in Shaanxi province, and analyze the possible reasons of resurgence in this region. Methods:We characterized clinical isolates collected during 2012-2017 using multilocus antigen sequence typing (MAST) and multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA).Results:The circulating strains and vaccine strains were different in molecular characteristics. The majority (95%) of the isolates were typed as prn1/ ptxP1/ ptxA1/ fim3-1/ fim2-1. In addition, eight MLVA types (MTs) and eight PFGE profiles were identified, respectively. MT195, MT55 and MT104 were dominant and MT195 continually increased annually. Conclusions:The genetic characteristics of the current strains in Shaanxi province were different from those of the vaccine strain. The evolution through genetic variation might be one of the reasons for the recurrence of pertussis in this region.
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This paper reviews the computer vision and image analysis studies aiming at automated diagnosis or screening of malaria in microscope images of thin blood film smears. On the basis of introducing the background and significance of automatic detection technology,the existing detection technologies are summarized and divided into several steps,including image acqui-sition,pre-processing,morphological analysis,segmentation,count,and pattern classification components. Then,the princi-ples and implementation methods of each step are given in detail. In addition,the promotion and application in automatic detec-tion technology of thick blood film smears are put forwarded as questions worthy of study,and a perspective of the future work for realization of automated microscopy diagnosis of malaria is provided.
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Objective To investigate the current status of hand hygiene(HH) among health care workers(HCWs) in clinical laboratories in medical institutions in Xi'an City.Methods HH status of HCWs in clinical laboratories in medical institutions in Xi'an was performed random on-the-spot sampling and monitoring.Results A total of 240 HH specimens of HCWs in clinical laboratories in 80 medical institutions in Xi'an City were collected, 127 detected results were qualified, the total qualified rate was 52.92%.The qualified rates of medical institutions were as follows: municipal hospitals 62.67%,workers' hospitals 55.95%,private hospitals 40.74%;comprehensive medical institutions 67.68%,specialized medical institutions 42.55%;tertiary medical institutions 79.63%(n=43),secondary and below medical institutions 45.16%(n=84),there were significant differences in HH qualified rate among HCWs in different types of medical institutions(all P<0.01).Of different HH detection items, detection rates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 0.83% and 8.33% respectively.There were significant differences in HH compliance rates among HCWs of all age groups(χ2=9.103,P<0.05), HCWs aged≥50 years had the highest qualified rate of HH(71.43%), followed by those aged<30 years (67.82%),HCWs in 40~ year age group had the lowest HH qualified rate (39.66%).Conclusion The qualified rate of HH of HCWs in clinical laboratory of medical institutions in Xi'an City is low, it is necessary to enhance the procaution awareness of HCWs in clinical laboratories, strengthen quality control of HH, strictly implement standard hand-washing procedures to reduce occurrence of HAI.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the age distribution of pertussis patients admitted in the children hospital and to analyze the source of infection as well as its transmission patterns.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Patients visiting to the Children Hospital and epidemiologically related cases during Feb. 2012 to Aug. 2013 were tested to confirm the diagnosis. Excel 2007 software was used to analyze the age distribution and clinical symptoms of clinic cases, the source of infection or subsequent cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>165 out of 254 clinically suspicious pertussis cases and 38 out of the 54 epidemiologically related cases were confirmed of having pertussis infection. There were 138 (83.6%) cases under 1 year of age in the confirmed clinical cases and 36 (94.7%) cases older than 20 years of age among the confirmed epidemiologically related pertussis cases. All the confirmed epidemiologically related cases were misdiagnosed or missed for diagnosis. As the source of pertussis infection in confirmed clinical cases, parents played an imported role among 25 of the 32 cases. Transmission from infants and/or little children to adults were also observed in this study.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Infants accounted for the most among the pertussis patients that visiting the clinics. Adults, being misdiagnosed or missed diagnosed, were the main sources of infection to infants. Epidemics of pertussis occurred under family aggregation. Further study was in need to develop the proper strategy for pertussis booster vaccination.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Age Distribution , Delayed Diagnosis , Diagnostic Errors , Family , Whooping Cough , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective To confirm the clinically suspected pertussis cases (＜ 1 years old) through laboratory methods.Methods From December,2011 to December,2012,patients with clinically suspected pertussis from Xi'an Children's Hospital were sampled,with their nasopharyngeal swabs collected,blood samples cultured and pertussis toxin IgG detected by PCR.Results were analyzed,using SPSS 16.0 software.Results 100 out of the 148 cases were laboratorially confirmed.3,88 and 34 cases were positive,through culture,PCR or pertussis toxin IgG respectively.22 cases were both PCR and pertussis toxin IgG positive.There were significant differences between the results of IS481 PCR,days from the onset of symptoms (P＜0.01) and results of PT-IgG with the days from onset of symptoms (P＜0.01).Conclusion Since the sensitivity of culture on pertussis was low,diagnosis on the disease should be linked to the results from PCR,PT-IgG and the days from onset of symptoms.