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@#Abstract： Thimerosal is commonly used as a preservative in biological products，especially in vaccines. Although it has been removed from single ⁃ dose vaccines in most countries，thimerosal is still widely used in multi ⁃ dose vaccines at present. Thimerosal，as a component in vaccine preparation，should be compatible with other components，especially should not damage the activity of antigen. However，in recent years，many studies have reported that thiomersal can reduce the antigenicity and immunogenicity of vaccine antigens，especially protein antigens containing or rich in cysteine（Cys）， suggesting that the effect of thimerosal on vaccine antigen activity should be fully evaluated when it is used as a vaccine preservative. In this paper，the effects of thimerosal on antigenicity and immunogenicity of two inactivated vaccines and three recombinant protein vaccines and the possible mechanisms were reviewed，in order to provide reference for rational selection of vaccine preservatives.
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@#Abstract: Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance characteristics of pathogenic bacteria in patients with neutropenic acute leukemia (AL) and bloodstream infections (BSI). Methods The clinical data of 258 neutropenic acute leukemia patients with bloodstream infections, who admitted to Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2016 to December 2021, were collected and analyzed for pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance. Results A total of 268 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 258 patients, including 180 strains of gram-negative bacteria (67.16%), 61 strains of gram-positive bacteria (22.76%), and 27 strains of fungi (10.07%). Gram-negative bacteria were mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae (53/268, 19.78%), Escherichia coli (49/268, 18.28%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (41/268, 15.30%). Gram-positive bacteria were mainly coagulase negative Staphylococcus (31/268, 11.57%) and Staphylococcus aureus(17/268, 6.34%). The main fungi were Candida tropicalis (25/268, 9.33%). Escherichia coli (33/268, 12.31%) was the most common pathogen isolated from acute myeloid leukemia (AML), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25/268, 9.33%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (18/268, 6.72%) and Candida tropicalis (18/268, 6.72%). Klebsiella pneumoniae (35/268, 13.06%) was the most common pathogen isolated from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL),followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15/268, 5.60%) and Escherichia coli (14/268, 5.22%). The resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone/sulbactam, imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, amikacin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was low. Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to linezolid and vancomycin. Candida was sensitive to flucytosine, amphotericin B and itraconazole. Conclusions In patients with granulosa after AL chemotherapy combined with BSI, the pathogenic bacteria isolated from AML are diverse, and the pathogenic bacteria isolated from ALL are mainly gram-negative bacteria. Pathogenic bacteria have different degrees of drug resistance to commonly used antibacterial drugs, so it is important to strengthen the monitoring of the distribution of pathogenic bacteria and the change of drug resistance and rational use of antibacterial drugs to minimize the death of patients.
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Abstract Objective: To more precisely estimate the association between the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4 (TNFSF4) gene polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility, we performed a metaanalysis on the association of the following single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TNFSF4 with SLE: rs1234315, rs844648, rs2205960, rs704840, rs844644, rs10489265. Methods: A literature-based search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science databases, and Cochrane Library databases to identify all relevant studies. And the association of TNFSF4 gene polymorphisms and SLE susceptibility was evaluated by pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The meta-analysis produced overall OR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.36-1.49, P < 0.00001), 1.41 (95% CI 1.36-1.46, P < 0.00001) and 1.34 (95% CI 1.26-1.42, P < 0.00001) for the rs2205960, rs1234315 and rs704840 polymorphisms respectively, confirming these three SNPs confer a significant risk for the development of SLE. On the other hand, the meta-analysis produced overall OR of 0.92 (95% CI 0.70-1.21, P = 0.54) for the rs844644 polymorphism, suggesting no significant association. And no association was also found between either rs844648 1.11 (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.86-1.43, P = 0.41) or rs10489265 (OR 1.17,95% CI 0.94-1.47, P = 0.17) polymorphism with SLE susceptibility, respectively. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis demonstrated that the TNFSF4 rs2205960, rs1234315 and rs844840 SNPs was significantly associated with an increased risk of SLE.
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Objective: The objective of this paper was to investigate hub genes of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PO) utilizing benchmarked dataset and gene regulatory network (GRN). Materials and Methods: To achieve this goal, the first step was to benchmark the dataset downloaded from the ArrayExpress database by adding local noise and global noise. Second, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PO and normal controls were identified using the Linear Models for Microarray Data package based on benchmarked dataset. Third, five kinds of GRN inference methods, which comprised Zscore, GeneNet, context likelihood of relatedness (CLR) algorithm, Partial Correlation coefficient with Information Theory (PCIT), and GEne Network Inference with Ensemble of trees (Genie3), were described and evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and precision and recall (PR) curves. Finally, GRN constructed according to the method with best performance was implemented to conduct topological centrality (closeness) for the purpose of investigate hub genes of PO. Results:A total of 236 DEGs were obtained based on benchmarked dataset of 20,554 genes. By assessing Zscore, GeneNet, CLR, PCIT, and Genie3 on the basis of ROC and PR curves, Genie3 had a clear advantage than others and was applied to construct the GRN which was composed of 236 nodes and 27,730 edges. Closeness centrality analysis of GRN was carried out, and we identified 14 hub genes (such as TTN, ACTA1, and MYBPC1) for PO. Conclusion: In conclusion, we have identified 14 hub genes (such as TN, ACTA1, and MYBPC1) based on benchmarked dataset and GRN. These genes might be potential biomarkers and give insights for diagnose and treatment of PO
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Objective::To explore the pharmacological mechanism of Xiao Xianxiongtang in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by network pharmacology. Method::The main active ingredients, corresponding targets and target genes of Xiao Xianxiongtang were searched on Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) website. Relevant target genes of T2DM were obtained through Gene Cards. The targets of drug active ingredients were mapped to the targets of T2DM, and the intersection targets were obtained as the predictive targets of Xiao Xianxiongtang on T2DM. Cytoscape 3.7.1 software was used to construct the drug active ingredient-intersection target network model and select the key active ingredients. Interactive protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed by STRING website, and key target genes were selected. Gene function analysis (GO) and enrichment analysis based on the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway were performed on the intersecting targets using DAVID6.8 online tool. Result::Xiao Xianxiongtang had 30 active ingredients, 156 relevant targets, 14 key active ingredients and 18 key target genes on T2DM. GO analysis showed that the biological functions of Xiao Xianxiongtang in the treatment of potential genes of T2DM mainly involved transcriptional regulation, oxidative stress, protein binding and inflammatory reaction. KEGG pathway enrichment showed that the main pathways of Xiao Xianxiongtang in the treatment of T2DM were hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and thyroid hormone signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, tyrosine kinase receptor2(ErbB) signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Conclusion: Xiao Xianxiongtang is a multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway process in the treatment of T2DM. It plays an important role in the treatment of T2DM by regulating transcription, oxidative stress, protein binding and inflammatory reaction. Conclusion::The mechanism of Xiao Xianxiongtang in treating T2DM may alleviate insulin resistance, increase insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar by inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors, participating in anti-inflammatory response, reducing oxidative stress, increasing intracellular calcium concentration, blocking glucagon signaling pathway and activating PI3K/Akt pathway.
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<b>Objective::To study the mechanism of modified Taohe Chengqitang in preventing and treating diabetic gastroparesis by regulating relative genes and signaling pathways based on network pharmacology. <b>Method::Target genes of modified Taohe Chengqitang were obtained from Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular Mechanism of TCM (BATMAN-TCM) database, and target genes of diabetic gastroparesis were obtained from Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) database. The target genes of modified Taohe Chengqitang-diabetic gastroparesis intersection protein were obtained through the integration of two groups of genes. STRING was used to build the protein-protein interaction network and visualize the results. Cytospace software ClueGO, CluePedia plug-in were used for gene ontology (GO) analysis and enrichment analysis of KEGG pathway of modified Taohe Chengqitang-diabetic gastroparesis target genes intersection, and results were visualized. Finally, CTD database and literatures were used to obtain intersection genes in the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. <b>Result::Among 621 target genes in modified Taohe Chengqitang, 25 were related to diabetic gastroparesis. By regulating expressions of MLNR, SST, PTGS1, HRH2, HTR3A, HTR4, HTR7, NOS3 and other intersection genes, Taohe Chengqitang could improve the gastrointestinal hormone levels, affected the combination of serotonin and its receptors, activated adenylate cyclase (AC), and induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA), so as to activiate AC/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, regulate Ca<sup>2+</sup> /K<sup>+</sup> channel, control ion balance, promote the adaptability of gastric smooth muscle, and contract gastric smooth muscle to regulate gastric volume. At the same time, gastric acid secretion was improved to protect gastric mucosa, which may help improve vasoconstriction and hemodynamics. <b>Conclusion::Based on the network pharmacology, modified Taohe Chengqitang has multiple mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. This study explored relevant signaling pathways, advantages and research directions of modified Taohe Chengqitang in treatment of diabetic gastroparesis.
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A parental diagnosis was performed for an unborn foetus of a healthy couple, who was due for ultrasound detection of multiple malformations and abnormal amniotic fluid karyotypes. For an accurate diagnosis, routine G-banding analysis and nextgeneration sequencing (NGS)were carried out. Finally, conventional cytogenetic analysis suggested that the foetus had a karyotype of47,XX,+mar[52]/46,XN,meanwhileNGSalso revealed a partial tetrasomy of 27.84Mbfrom4q26-q31.21 (117,385,735–145,225,759), and G-banding analysis excluded the couple to have carried the 4q26-q31.21 duplication. We have identified a de novo mosaic small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) derived from 4q26-q31.21 in a foetus with hemivertebra, polydactyly, abnormal ears, and heart and ventricular septal defect.
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Objective: To explore the mechanism of Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology. Method: Major chemical constituents, corresponding targets and target genes of Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang were obtained by Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TCMSP), and target genes of type 2 diabetes mellitus were obtained by GeneCards. The target genes of drug and disease were mapped to predict target genes of Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cytoscape3.7.1 software was used to construct the compound-target network and protein-protein interaction network (PPI) of traditional Chinese medicine. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of potential genes and enrichment analysis of gene encyclopedia kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway were carried out using DAVID 6.8 online tool. Result: There were 17 active ingredients, 94 related targets, 17 key active ingredients and 16 key targets in Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang on type 2 diabetes mellitus. GO analysis showed that the biological functions of potential genes of Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang in the treatment of type 2 diabetes were mainly related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, protein binding, inflammatory reaction, et al. KEGG pathway enrichment results showed that the pathways of potential genes of Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mainly involved hypoxia inducible factor(HIF), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt), nuclear transcription factor-кB(NF-кB), and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) signaling pathways. Conclusion: Dahuang Huanglian Xiexintang is a complex process of multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It plays an important role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus by participating in oxidative stress, apoptosis, protein binding and inflammatory reaction.
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Objective: To observe the effect of an active fraction of Polyrhachis vicina (AFPV) on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its possible mechanism based on animal and cell models. Method: Totally 60 SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, prednisone acetate group (5 mg·kg-1), and high, medium and low-dose AFPV groups (400, 200, 100 mg·kg-1). SLE model was replicated with bovine serum albumin-Freund's complete (incomplete) adjuvant. Arthus reaction was observed to study the effect of AFPV on the diameter of back skin redness in rats with SLE. The expressions of anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody, complements 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-31 (IL-31) and interleukin-33 (IL-33) in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CD4+T cells were isolated from the spleens of MRL/lpr and C57BL/6J mice at the age of 16 to 18 weeks by immunomagnetic beads method. The expressions of miR-200a and miR-155 and the levels of zinc-finger-enhancer binding protein 1(ZEB1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling1(SOCS1) in CD4+T cells were observed to explore the effect of AFPV on SLE and its possible mechanism. Result: Compared with the normal group, the diameter of back skin swelling in the model group was significantly increased (PPPPPPP+T cells of MRL/lpr lupus mice. Compared with the model group, the expression of microRNA-200a increased significantly, the expression of microRNA-155 decreased significantly (PPConclusion: AFPV has therapeutic effect on rats with SLE, its mechanism may be related to the regulation of miR-200a/ZEB1 and miR-155/SOCS1.
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Various academic discussions have been officially proposed in the " theory of circular motion" in Circular Motion of Ancient Chinese Medicine. The theory of circular motion reflects the inheritance and development of the theory of Yin-Yang and five elements in ancient Chinese medicine, which has a great significance in the modern basic theory research and clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. On the basis of ancient literatures, this article aims to discuss the natural law of circular motion from the perspectives of the path of sun and 24-solar-terms of seasons via five-elements and Wufang circular motion theory according to circular motion. The circular motion has an effect on human body and natural environment. The invasion of pathogen is caused by deficiency of essential Qi. The combination of the healthy-Qi deficiency with the deficiency-type pathogen leads to the occurrence of external contraction. Therefore, the abnormality of Yang-Qi including nature and human is the main cause of the disease's development. Because the circular motion can expound the change rule and mutual relations of nature and human, we can predict the development of disease by it. When the circulation motion is disordered, clinical symptoms appear with inner pathogenesis. The understanding of the change of the circulation motion is helpful for us to have a deeper realization of the disease, grasp the pathogenesis and provide treatment based on syndrome differentiation. The authors explain nature environment and human physiology, and elaborate the relations between natural rule and Wufang's effect on circulation motion, in order to provide certain suggestions to guide clinical treatment based on pathogenesis.
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Objective: To study the potential therapeutic targets of modified Taohe Chengqitang for type 2 diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology. Method: Based on TCMSP database and Uniprot database, the active constituents and target genes of flavored modified Taohe Chengqitang were screened.Target genes of type 2 diabetes were screened by gene cards database and OMIM database, and Cytoscape software was used to construct " active component-target" interaction network diagram.The active component targets and disease targets were uploaded to the STRING database, the protein interaction network map (PPI) was constructed, and the characteristic values were calculated, and core genes were screened by using R language.Finally, R language was used to analyze gene ontology (GO) enrichment and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment of key targets. Result: The 155 active components and 106 effective targets of modified Taohe Chengqitangin the treatment of type 2 diabetes were predicted.Quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were the most effective components, while estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1), peroxidosomal hyperplasia activates receptor gamma (PPARG) and androgen receptor (AR) were the most effective components.Core genes in PPI network areepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)and ESR1, etc.GO enrichment analysis shows that it can affect gene transcription, nuclear receptor activity, hormone receptor binding, neurotransmitter, etc.Enrichment analysis of KEGG pathway showed that fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis pathways were the most significant pathways, followed by advanced glycation end products-receptor for AGE (AGE-RAGE) pathway. Conclusion: Predicted by the method of network pharmacology modified Taohe Chengqitang key targets for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and related pathways, results suggest the recipe has multiple targets, multiple pathways, such as complex mechanism, not only show that modified Taohe Chengqitang has hypoglycemic effect, but it also has anti-inflammatory, improve insulin resistance, regulate lipid metabolism, and biological functions.
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Objective: To study the mechanism of modified Taohe Chengqitang in preventing and treating diabetic nephropathy by means of network pharmacology. Method: Target genes of modified Taohe Chengqitang were obtained from BAT-MAN database, while target genes of diabetic nephropathy were obtained from CTD database. The target genes of disease-drug protein were obtained by crossing two groups of genes. STRING was used to build the protein-protein interaction network and visualize the results. The key genes were screened out through the computational analysis algorithm of network structure and weighted relatedness between nodes. With DAVID online tools, gene ontology (GO) analysis of Disease-Drug Intersection Target Genes and enrichment analysis of kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) pathway were conducted. Finally, CTD database and literature study were used to obtain the key genes in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Result: Among 621 compounds in modified Taohe Chengqitang, 581 of them were related to diabetic nephropathy. NOS3, OAT, NT5C2, ACACB, AGXT, PDE3B and other key genes mainly regulated nerve tissue transmission, cholinergic synaptic pathway, calcium channel, metabolic pathway, purine metabolic pathway, angiotensin-neurosynaptic pathway, cyclic guanosine monophosphate/cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (cGMP/PKG) signaling pathway and cyclic adenosine phosphate signaling pathway, with effect in molecular reactions, such as plasma membrane, postsynaptic membrane and mitochondria. Conclusion: The network pharmacology predicts the key targets of modified Taohe Chengqitang in the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy and the related pathways involved, suggesting a multi-target, multi-channel and multi-choice complex mechanism, and which is mostly related to anti-inflammation, oxidative phosphorylation and purine metabolism.
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Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world and one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death.Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic pathway responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins and damaged intracellular organelles.However,the mechanism and guiding significance of autophagy in the development and progression of GC have remained to be elucidated.This study aimed to explore the clinicopathological significances and prognostic values of autophagy-related proteins AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 in GC.Quantum dots based immunofluorescence histochemistry (QDs-IHC) was performed to observe the expression of AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins in the tissue rmicroarrays including 163 specimens of GC and 20 noncancerous gastric tissues.Simultaneously,AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins were detected by Western blotting in the 10 fresh GC and corresponding normal gastric tissues.The results showed that the expression levels of both AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins were higher in GC tissues than in noncancerous gastric tissues by QDs-IHC and Western blotting (P＜0.05).High AMBRA1 expression was detected in 90 of 163 (55.2％) GCs and high Beclin-1 expression was detected in 83 of 163 (50.9％) GCs.High AMBRA1 expression was closely related to depth of invasion,and lymph nodes metastasis (P＜0.05).High expression of Beclin-1 protein was correlated with tumor grade (P＜0.05).Positive correlation was observed between AMBRA1 and Beclin-1.Survival analysis indicated the high expression of AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 was an independent factor in predicting poor overall survival (OS) of GC patients.These findings suggest the high expression of AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins is significantly correlated with GC progression.High AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 expression heralds worse outcome of GC patients,suggesting a novel candidate prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for GC.
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Objective @#To compare the bacteriostatic effect of two disinfections on the surface of frequently touched objects in dental clinic, so as to provide the reference for proper disinfection.@*Methods @#Specimens from the control panel and surface of examination table of comprehensive treatment chair were taken for bacterial culture, record the bacteria content on the objects surface. Then disinfect the objects surface by using 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant (routing group) and Gamma disinfecting wet wipes (test group) respectively, compare the qualified rate of bacteriostasis on object surfaces between two group. @*Results @# After 10-minute disinfection on surfaces, bacteriostatic rate of routing group and test group was (91.66 ± 7.52)% and (93.87 ± 6.12)% respectively, there was no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05).@*Conclusion@#The quaternary ammonium disinfectant for the dental clinic objects can reach the same effect as chlorine-containing disinfectant.
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Objective To observe the deposition of PM2.5 in the contact lens and its influence on the oxygen permeability and refractive index of the contact lens.Methods Atmospheric PM2.5 was collected for preparation of 1 mg · mL-1 PM2.5 suspension.Then,18 rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGPCL) and 18 soft contact lens lenses (SCL) were grouped in control,experimental and PBS-rinse group,with 6 RGPCL and 6 SCL in each group.RGPCL and SCL in the experimental and PBS-rinse groups were incubated in 1 mg · mL-1 PM2.5 solution for 24 h,followed by PBS-rinse group were further washed for 1 h in PBS,whereas the controls were incubated in PBS for 24 h.All of them were examined with field scanning electron microscopy.Meanwhile,oxygen permeability and refractive index of contact lens were measured using the polar graphic devices and refractometry respectively.All the obtained data were quantitatively and statistically analyzed.Results After treatment in PM2.5 solution,there was a large amount of PM2.5 deposition on the RGPCL surface in the experimental group,and the amount of PM2.5 was counted (3.19 ± 1.64) · 100 μm-2,while no atmospheric particulate matter was found in the control group;following the treatment of PBS,a lot of PM2.5 attached on the surface of RGPCL remained visible,and the number of particles was (5.12 ± 1.27) · 100 μm-2.And the difference was statistically significant between the control group and PBS-rinse group (P ＜0.05).In addition,and the amount of PM2.5 attached on the surface of SCL in the exPerimental group was (2.16 ± 1.19) · 100 μm-2,while there wasn t any atmospheric particulate matter in the control group;and,after a wash of SCL in PBS,the amount of PM2.5 on SCL surface was (0.56 ±0.39) · 100 μm-2 in the PBS-rinse group,indicating a statistically difference between the control group and PBS-rinse group (P ＜0.05).Moreover,the amount of PM2.5 attachment on SCL surface in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).After PM2.5 solution treatment,oxygen permeability of RGPCL and SCL was 100.00 ± 3.17 and 42.00 ± 2.57 respectively in the experimental group,as well as 100.00 ±2.36 and 41.00 ± 3.44 in the control group,with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (all P ＞ 0.05);while refractive index of RGPCL and SCL was 1.415 6 ±0.000 4 and 1.3737 ±0.000 7 respectively in the experimental group,as well as 1.415 3 ±0.000 4 and 1.373 7 ±0.000 l in the control group,with no statistically significant difference between the two groups either (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion PM2.5 can be attached to the surface of RGPCL and SCL,and PM2.5 is easier to adhere to RGPCL surface and is not easy to elute when compared with SCL,but PM2.5 deposition do not affect oxygen permeability and refractive index of contact lenses over a short span of time.
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Background: To identify the critical amino acid residues that contribute to the high enzyme activity and good thermostability of Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearctica (Y. NSN), 15 mutants of Y. NSN were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis in this study. And their enzyme activity and thermostability were assayed. Effect of several factors on the enzyme activity and thermostability of Y. NSN, was also investigated. Results: The results showed that the I203F and D264E mutants retained approximately 75% and 70% enzyme activity, respectively, compared to the wild-type enzyme. In addition to the I203F and D264E mutants, the mutant E202A had an obvious influence on the thermostability of Y. NSN. According to the analysis of enzyme activity and thermostability of Y. NSN, we found that Glu202, Ile203 and Asp264 might be the key residues for its high enzyme activity and good thermostability. Conclusions: Among all factors affecting enzyme activity and thermostability of Y. NSN, they failed to explain the experimental results well. One reason might be that the enzyme activity and thermostability of Y. NSN were affected not only by a single factor but also by the entire environment.
Subject(s)
Deoxyribonucleases/chemistry , Deoxyribonucleases/genetics , Yersinia enterocolitica/enzymology , Endonucleases/chemistry , Endonucleases/genetics , Enzyme Assays , Enzyme Stability , Hot Temperature , Mutagenesis, Site-DirectedABSTRACT
Deer and sheep spines are often used as models of the human spine. A prerequisite for the use of animal models is information regarding the interspecies differences in the parameters of general interest. This would clarify the limitations of each animal model and substantiate the applicability of the obtained results to humans. Since sufficient data appear to be currently unavailable, we sought to investigate the feasibility of using deer and sheep as animal models for studies on the human spine. The objective of this study was a thorough comparison of the anatomical parameters of deer and sheep spines with those of the human spine. We employed three-dimensional reconstructions of computed tomography images, generated using figure analysis software, which facilitated quantitative analysis of the linear and curvature parameters and the geometric index of the vertebral bodies. Our findings represent a comprehensive database of the anatomical characteristics of the deer and sheep lumbar spines and their comparisons with those of the human lumbar spine. This study provides insight into the similarities and differences in the vertebral geometries between the human spine and the deer and sheep spines. We found that the differences are minimal and that they do not greatly compromise the utility of deer and sheep lumbar spines as models of the human lumbar spine.
La columna vertebral de ciervos y ovejas se utiliza frecuentemente como modelo de la columna vertebral humana. Un requisito previo para el uso de modelos animales es la información con respecto a las diferencias entre especies en los parámetros de interés general, lo que aclara las limitaciones de cada modelo animal y fundamenta la aplicabilidad de los resultados obtenidos para los seres humanos. Debido a que existen datos suficientes actualmente, hemos intentado investigar la viabilidad de utilizar ciervos y ovejas como modelos animales para los estudios sobre la columna vertebral humana. El objetivo fue realizar una comparación exhaustiva de los parámetros anatómicos de las columnas de ciervos y ovejas, con los de la columna vertebral humana. Empleamos reconstrucciones tridimensionales de imágenes de tomografía computadorizada, mediante un programa de análisis de la figura, lo que facilitó el análisis cuantitativo de los parámetros lineales y de la curvatura y el índice geométrico de las vértebras. Nuestros hallazgos representan una amplia base de datos de las características anatómicas de la columna lumbar de los ciervos y ovejas y sus comparaciones con las de la columna lumbar humana. Este estudio proporciona información sobre las similitudes y diferencias en las geometrías vertebrales entre la columna vertebral humana y las columnas de venado y oveja. Se encontró que las diferencias son mínimas y que no comprometen el uso de la columna de ciervos y ovejas como modelos de la columna lumbar humana.
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Humans , Animals , Deer/anatomy & histology , Sheep/anatomy & histology , Spine/anatomy & histology , Anatomy, Comparative , Models, Animal , Spine/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Background Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important economic and oilseed crop. Long-term rainless conditions and seasonal droughts can limit peanut yields and were conducive to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which peanut responds and adapts to water limited conditions, we isolated and characterized several drought-induced genes from peanut roots using a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. Results RNA was extracted from peanut roots subjected to a water stress treatment (45% field capacity) and from control plants (75% field capacity), and used to generate an SSH cDNA library. A total of 111 non-redundant sequences were obtained, with 80 unique transcripts showing homology to known genes and 31 clones with no similarity to either hypothetical or known proteins. GO and KEGG analyses of these differentially expressed ESTs indicated that drought-related responses in peanut could mainly be attributed to genes involved in cellular structure and metabolism. In addition, we examined the expression patterns of seven differentially expressed candidate genes using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and confirmed that all were up-regulated in roots in response to drought stress, but to differing extents. Conclusions We successfully constructed an SSH cDNA library in peanut roots and identified several drought-related genes. Our results serve as a foundation for future studies into the elucidation of the drought stress response mechanisms of peanut.
Subject(s)
Arachis/genetics , Stress, Physiological/genetics , Droughts , RNA/isolation & purification , Gene Library , Sequence Analysis , DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification , Plant Roots , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Dehydration , Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methodsABSTRACT
Background and Aim: The strategies of targeting valosin-containing protein (VCP) may have therapeutic potential for treating cancer metastasis. In this study, we aim to investigate the correlation of VCP protein expression in osteosarcoma (OS) tissues with pulmonary metastasis and its possible molecular mechanism. Materials and Methods: Expression of VCP in 60 OS specimens was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the relationship with metastasis was analyzed. An artifi cial micro ribonucleic acid, targeting VCP, was performed to silence the expression of VCP in U2-OS cells. Cell mobility was detected by wound healing and Transwell assays. Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to investigate the expression of VCP in U2-OS cells. Furthermore, the protein of pAKT (phosphorylated serine/threonine protein kinase) and nuclear factor of kappa B protein65 were measured by western blot to evaluate the effect of silencing VCP on AKT/nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-B) signaling pathway. Results: The results showed that the expression level of VCP protein in cases with pulmonary metastases was signifi cantly higher than that in those without metastasis (P = 0.004). The invasion and migration of U2-OS cells were suppressed by silencing VCP. Furthermore, silencing VCP could down-regulate the phosphorylation of AKT and nuclear transfer of NF-B. Conclusions: Our fi ndings suggested that inhibition of VCP could suppress OS cells invasion and migration through down-regulating AKT/NF-B signaling pathway.