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Objective@#To evaluate the physical fitness and its regional distribution of students aged 13-18 years in China, using the National Standards for Students’ Physical Fitness (revised in 2014).@*Methods@#We recruited 105 834 students aged 13 to 18 years from the Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health project in 2014. Related total scores, rates for qualified and for excellence (the proportions of individuals whose total score greater than or equal to 60.0 or 90.0) of these students were gathered. T test was applied to compare means of total score in different groups. χ2 test was used to compare the differences of qualified or excellence rates between different groups while Pearson correlation method was applied to test the relation of each index with per capita GDP.@*Results@#The average score was (70.1±10.7) among students aged 13 to 18 years in China. 88 805 (83.9%) students whose score exceeded 60.0 while 1 734 (1.6%) exceeded 90.0. Average score, rates of both qualified or excellence of students aged 13 to 15 appeared higher than those aged 16 to 18 but lower in males than in females. However, the rate of excellence was much higher in male students. Students living in urban areas showed both lower average score and qualified rate but higher rate of excellence than those living in rural areas. Both qualified and Excellent rates decreased with the increase of age in both sexes. We also noticed that both higher physical fitness and health status appeared in students from the east coast. Pearson correlation coefficient of each index (average score, qualified or Excellent rate) on per capital GDP appeared as 0.56, 0.43 and 0.65, respectively.@*Conclusion@#In 2014, the physical fitness of Chinese students aged 13 to 18 was not satisfactory, with older students and those living in underdeveloped areas, in particular.
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Objective@#To understand the nutritional status among Chinese students of five ethnic minorities aged 7-18 years.@*Methods@#Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health in 2014 applied multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling, including 214 354 students from 31 province of China mainland. 73 students whose height or weight information were missing, were excluded. 25 968 minority students aged 7-18 years from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Jilin Provinces were included for data analysis, including Mongolian (n=5 107), Hui (n=5 308), Uygur (n=5 740), Zhuang (n=5 267) and Korean (n=4 546) students. According to the BMI standard of Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC) and the new students' health standard of Screening Standard for Malnutrition of School-age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 456-2014) , students were defined as wasting, normal weight, overweight and obesity groups and the nutritional status in different minorities and other characteristics was described and analyszed.@*Results@#The prevalences of wasting in Zhuang, Hui, Uygur, Korean and Mongolian students were 6.1% (318/5 267), 5.1% (266/5 308), 3.2% (187/5 740), 2.6% (116/4 546) and 1.3% (65/5 107) in descending order (χ2=212.60, P<0.001), respectively. The prevalences of overweight in Korean, Mongolian, Hui, Uygur and Zhuang students were 15.2% (686/4 546), 13.1% (669/5 107), 10.3% (549/5 308), 7.8% (446/5 740) and 7.8% (413/5 267) in descending order (χ2=220.80, P<0.001), respectively. The prevalences of obesity in Korean, Mongolian, Hui, Zhuang and Uygur students were 15.3% (695/4 546), 9.5% (488/5 107), 5.7% (304/5 308), 4.6% (242/5 267) and 3.6% (206/5 740) in descending order (χ2=647.02, P<0.001), respectively. The prevalences of wasting in Mongolian, Uygur and Korean rural students were 1.7% (44/2 623), 3.9% (113/2 868) and 3.4% (74/2 154), higher than urban students (all P values <0.05) which were 0.8% (21/2 484), 2.6% (74/2 872) and 1.8% (42/2 392) in Mongolian, Uygur and Korean students. The prevalence of obesity in Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Zhuang and Korean urban students were 10.8% (269/2 484), 7.6% (193/2 554), 4.1% (117/2 872), 5.9% (153/2 601) and 16.6% (396/2 392), higher than rural students (all P values <0.05) which were 8.3% (219/2 623), 4.0% (111/2 754), 3.1% (89/2 868), 3.3% (89/2 666) and 13.9% (299/2 154) in Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Zhuang and Korean students. The prevalence of obesity in Hui, Zhuang and Korean boys were 7.2% (188/2 570), 6.0% (157/2 628) and 17.2% (394/2 282), respectively, higher than that of girls which were 4.2% (116/2 738), 3.3% (85/2 639) and 13.3% (301/2 264) (all P values <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of wasting, overweight and obesity varied by ethnic minorities in mainland China. The prevalence of overweight and obesity appears higher among mongolian and Korean students, while the prevalence of wasting was higher in Zhuang students.
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Objective@#To analyze the prevalence of physical fitness among Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years in 2014, and explore related influencing factors.@*Methods@#This study recruited 106 881 Han students aged 13-18 years who had taken physical fitness test from Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in 2014. After the exclusion of 1 047 students without complete records of physical fitness test, 105 834 students were included in the final analysis. According to the National Student Physical Health Standard modified in 2014, seven indicators including body mass index, vital capacity, 50-m run, sit-and-reach, standing broad jump, pull-ups/curl-ups and endurance run were tested to calculate the total score of students' physical fitness. Students with score ≥60 were regarded as qualified students. Multivariate non-conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze influencing factors of physical fitness.@*Results@#Among Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years, the total score was 70.1±10.7 and the qualified rate was 83.9% (n=88 813). Boys (83.5% (44 197/52 910)) had a lower qualified rate of physical fitness than girls (84.3% (44 616/52 924)) (P<0.001), and 13-15 age group (86.5% (46 255/53 465)) was higher than the 16–18 age group (81.3% (42 558/52 369)) (P<0.001). Except for 16–18-year-old boys from central region, normal body mass index, eastern region, good socioeconomic status, enough PE class, exercise time ≥1 h/d, homework time ≥2 h/d, TV time <1 h/d were all related to high qualified rates of physical fitness (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Chinese Han students aged 13-18 years were in good physical condition. The qualified rates of physical fitness were significantly different by gender and age groups. Nutritional status, region, socioeconomic status, PE class, exercise time per day, homework time per day, and TV time per day were related factors of physical fitness.
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Objective@#To investigate the prevalence and related factors of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 7 provinces in China.@*Methods@#Using the method of stratified cluster random sampling, 93 primary and secondary schools were selected from Guangdong, Hunan, Liaoning provinces, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin municipalities and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China, 2012. A total of 16 434 students aged 6-17 years old with completed physical and lipid profiles parameters were selected into this study from above 93 primary and secondary schools. Dyslipidemia was determined by the definition of Expert Advice on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents in 2009. Logistic regression model was used to explore the factors related to dyslipidemia.@*Results@#The prevalence of elevated total cholesterol, elevated triglyceride, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and dyslipidemia was 5.4% (887 cases), 15.7% (2 578 cases), 3.0% (492 cases), 13.5% (2 221 cases) and 28.5% (4 679 cases) among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, respectively. Sugary drinks intake ≥once per week (OR=1.14; 95%CI: 1.05-1.24), sedentary time >10 hours per day (OR=1.14, 95%CI: 1.01-1.28), overweight (OR=1.50, 95%CI: 1.33-1.70), and obesity (OR=2.62, 95%CI: 2.31-2.96) were significantly associated with the prevalence of dyslipidemia.@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of dyslipidemia was high among children and adolescents aged 6-17 in 7 provinces in China, 2012. Sugary drinks intake ≥once per week, sedentary time >10 hours per day, overweight and obesity might be the risk factors of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents.
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Objective@#This study aimed to explore the association between malnutrition and the level of blood pressure (BP) as well as elevated BP (EBP) in Han students aged 7 to 18 years in China.@*Methods@#170 037 subjects with normal nutritional status and malnutrition were enrolled in this study from 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health with a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling framework covering 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities after the exclusion of 44 317 overweight and obese students. According to the standard of "Screening Standard for Malnutrition of School-age Children and Adolescents" (WS/T456-2014), the nutritional status of children were classified into two categories, normal nutritional status and malnutrition containing stunting, mild wasting and moderate severe wasting. The level of BP and prevalence of EBP were compared between students with normal nutritional status and malnutrition. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between malnutrition and EBP.@*Results@#The levels of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years who were non-overweight and non-obesity status were (103.4±12.3) and (64.7±9.5) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), respectively. The prevalence of EBP, systolic EBP and diastolic EBP in Chinese Han malnourished students (N=21 012) were 3.1% (n=649), 1.5% (n=324) and 2.1% (n=445), respectively, which was significantly lower than those (N=148 320) with normal nutritional status (4.5% (n=6 707), 2.6% (n=3 872) and 2.7% (n=3 959)), and the corresponding differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The OR (95%CI) between malnutrition and EBP was 0.68 (0.62-0.73), which were 0.65 (0.58-0.72) and 0.68 (0.60-0.77) for boys and girls. The OR (95%CI) between EBP and stunting as well as mild wasting and moderate severe wasting were 0.69 (0.62-0.77), 0.63 (0.55-0.72) and 0.79 (0.60-1.05), respectively.@*Conclusion@#The level of BP and prevalence of EBP in Chinese Han students with malnutrition were lower than those with normal nutritional status. The negative correlation existed between malnutrition and EBP in Chinese Han students aged 7 to 18 years.
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Objective@#To investigate the associations between the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and main anthropometric parameters, and to provide clues for preventing the reduction of skeletal muscle mass among overweight and obese adults in China.@*Methods@#1 488 volunteered participants who resided in Beijing longer than one year, between 22 and 55 years old, with self-report BMI ≥24 kg/m2 were recruited from April to May 2014. 171 participants whose BMI ≤24 kg/m2 or with organic diseases at the first physical examination were excluded, finally 1 317 overweight/obese participants (male and female were 507, and 810, respectively) were enrolled into the present study. After measuring the anthropometric parameters and body composition by the DXA, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the associations between the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and main anthropometric parameters.@*Results@#The average age of males and females was (35.6±8.4) and (38.2±9.4) years old, respectively. The females' mean levels of body fat percentage, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and bone mineral density were (41.59±4.14)%, (29.00±3.75) kg/m2, (92.56±9.00) cm, (101.74±6.75) cm, and (1.20±0.10) g/cm2, respectively; and the males' mean levels were (34.22±4.61)%, (30.07±4.12) kg/m2, (99.63±9.49) cm, (102.93±7.28) cm, and (1.28±0.11) g/cm2, respectively. The mean level of appendicular skeletal muscle mass and skeletal muscle mass index in males were (26.98±3.88), and (8.96±1.02) kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than it in females ((18.57±2.61), and (7.26±0.83) kg, respectively) (P<0.001). For male, the correlation coefficients of skeletal muscle mass index with BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage and bone mineral density were 0.814, 0.601, 0.637, 0.558, and 0.434, respectively; for female, the correlation coefficients of skeletal muscle mass index with BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat rate and bone mineral density were 0.761, 0.534, 0.585, 0.610, and 0.304, respectively. The correlations were statistically significant (P<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the skeletal muscle mass index of male decreased with the increase of age (β=-0.01, 95%CI:-0.01-0.00) and body fat percentage (β=-0.13, 95%CI:-0.15--0.12) (P<0.05), while increased with the increase of BMI (β=0.31, 95%CI: 0.29-0.32) and bone mineral density (β=0.54, 95%CI: 0.10-1.01) (P<0.05). The skeletal muscle mass index of female decreased with the increase of age (β=-0.01, 95%CI:-0.01-0.00) and body fat percentage (β=-0.12, 95%CI:-0.14--0.12) (P<0.05), while increased with the increase of BMI (β=0.26, 95%CI: 0.25-0.28) and hip circumference (β=0.01, 95%CI: 0.00-0.02) (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The skeletal muscle mass index of male was higher than it of female. For male, the skeletal muscle mass index might be associated with age, BMI, body fat percentage and bone mineral density. While for female, the skeletal muscle mass index might be associated with age, BMI, body fat percentage and hip circumference.
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Objective@#To investigate the trends in overweight and obesity in Chinese students during 1985-2014.@*Methods@#Data were collected from the Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health in 1985, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2014, with the sample size of 409 946, 204 977, 216 786, 234 421, 215 319, and 214 354, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity as well as the increase rates were calculated based on the body mass index (BMI) percentile criteria of Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC).@*Results@#The prevalence of overweight and obesity in 2014 was 19.4% (41 608/214 354) among 7-18 y Chinese children. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 24.2% (25 975/107 216) among boys, and 14.6% (15 633/107 138) among girls, with the prevalence among boys exceeding girls (P<0.001). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 22.3% (23 911/107 239) among urban students, and 16.5% (17 697/107 115) among rural students, with the prevalence among urban students exceeding rural students (P<0.001). The prevalence in 2014 differed among provinces, ranging from 2.3% (Hainan Province 166/7 200) to 16.3% (Tianjin 168/7 186). During 1985-2014, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 7-18 y Chinese children increased continuously, with the annual increase rate of overweight ranging 0.27%-0.63%, and the annual increase rate of obesity ranging 0.10%-0.58%. The annual increase rates in 2010-2014 of obesity among the urban boys, urban girls, rural boys and rural girls were 0.62%, 0.42%, 0.79%, and 0.49%,respectively, peaking the annual increase rates during 1985-2014.@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of overweight and obesity among 7-18 y Chinese children increased continuously during 1985-2014, with the annual increase rate of obesity in 2010-2014 peaking the increase rates during 1985-2014. There were gender and regional differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 7-18 y Chinese children in 2014.
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Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China.@*Methods@#Using the method of stratified cluster random sampling, 93 primary and secondary schools were selected from Guangdong, Hunan, Liaoning, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin, and Ningxia provinces in China. A total of 9 296 students aged 10-16 years old with complete physical and biochemical parameters were selected as the subjects of the present study from above 93 primary and secondary schools. MS was determined using the definition of 'guideline of 2010 Chinese children and adolescents MS definition and treatment’. The standardized age-sex composition of the 2010 census was used to standardize the MS detection rate of every province. Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of MS prevalence among participants with different characteristics.@*Results@#The prevalence of MS was 4.1% (384/9 296) among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. The prevalence of MS among males was 5.0% (237/4 754), which was significantly higher than females (3.2%) (147/4 542) (P<0.05). Stratified by nutrition conditions, the prevalence of MS was 0, 0.6% (39/6 733), 8.9% (104/1 170), 30.0% (241/803) for thin, normal weight, overweight, and obese population, respectively. The MS prevalence increased with the increase of body mass index (BMI) (P<0.001). Stratified by provinces, the prevalence of MS was the highest in Tianjin (9.2%) and the lowest in Hunan province (0.8%).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of MS was high among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. MS prevalence among males was higher than females; MS prevalence among overweight/obese population was higher than normal weight population. The detection rate of metabolic syndrome was different in different provinces.
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Objective@#To investigate the characteristics of geographic distribution and change trend of myopia prevalence for children and adolescents aged 7-18 years old from 2005 to 2014, which provides the basis for the prevention of myopia.@*Methods@#Research material was selected from the data of 2005, 2010, and 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health, including 31 provinces (with the exception of Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan). The complete detection data of binoculus in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years old were selected as our research objects. The research objects of three studies were 233 505, 216 474, and 215 160, respectively. We analyzed the characteristics of geographic distribution and change trend of myopia prevalence for children and adolescents aged 7-18 years old in 31 provinces from 2005 to 2014.@*Results@#The overall myopia detection rates in Chinese children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years old in 31 provinces were 47.4% (111 707/235 505), 55.6% (120 456/216 474), and 57.2% (122 965/215 160) in 2005, 2010 and 2014, respectively. The growth range in this two phases were 8.0 percentage points, and 1.6 percentage points, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The detection rate of Myopia was growing quickly from 2005 to 2010 and only three provinces were in the situation of decline state including Tianjin, Hainan, and Ningxia. 90.3 percent (28/31) of provinces were in the situation of growth state and the growth range was 1.3%-22.3%. The growth of myopia was in the situation of slowdown from 2010 to 2014, and 38.7 percent (12/31) of the provinces were in negative growth districts including Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Tibet, Qianghai, and Xinjiang. The growth range in other provinces was 0.4%-24.7%.@*Conclusion@#The myopia detection rate was at a higher level and growing constantly in China. There was large difference for myopia of children and adolescents among the 31 provinces. However, the overall growth rate of myopia in children and adolescents was in the situation of a relatively low level form 2010 to 2014.
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Objective@#To investigate consistency of whole-body muscle mass (WBMM) assessed using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) and dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) measurement, and to delvelop the correction regression formulas for the method of MF-BIA.@*Methods@#1 488 participants who resided in Beijing longer than one year, under 22 to 55 years of age, with self-report BMI ≥24 kg/m2 were voluntarily recruited based on convenience sampling in Beijing, from April 1st 2014 to May 2nd 2014. After excluded 171 participants who BMI ≤24 kg/m2 or with organic diseases when physical examination, Finally 1 317 overweight/obese participants were enrolled into the current study. All the subjects received the measurement of WBMM using both MF-BIA and DXA methods. The paired-samples T test was used to compare the difference of measurement values between MF-BIA and DXA methods. We evaluated the agreement of WBMM measured by MF-BIA and DXA using the interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the Bland-Altman plots, and using linear regression method established correction regression formulas.@*Results@#The differences of overweight male, obese male, overweight female, and obese female were (3.29 ± 1.94), (2.05 ± 2.65), (0.17 ± 1.85), and (-2.22 ± 2.89) kg between methods of MF-BIA and DXA, respectively; Except the overweight female, the others groups had the statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The ICC for overweight male, obese male, overweight female, and obese female were 0.958, 0.956, 0.911, and 0.851, respectively (P<0.001). Bland-Altman plots showed that the limit of agreement for four groups were -0.51-7.09, -3.14-7.24, -3.46-3.80, and -7.88-3.44 kg, respectively. Correction regression formulas: overweight male population: yDXA=-0.648+ 0.952 xMF-BIA; obese male population: yDXA=-3.646 + 1.026xMF-BIA; overweight female groups: yDXA=-4.800 + 1.117 xMF-BIA; obese female group: yDXA=-9.884+ 1.287xMF-BIA.@*Conclusion@#The correlation and agreement of WBMM measured by the methods of BIA and DXA were relative weak in Chinese excess weight male and obese female adults. Therefore, measuring WBMM by MF-BIA method in these adults should be corrected to reduce bias compared with the DXA method.
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Objective: To understand and analyze the current situation and secular trends for prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2005 to 2014, and to provide important scientific basis for students' nutrition improvement.Methods: All the subjects aged 7-18 years in both sexes were sampled from 2005, 2010 and 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health.According to the new students' health standard of Screening Standard for Malnutrition of school-age children and adolescents(WS/T456-2014) in 2014 of China, the nutritional status of children in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities, excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan province) were analyzed and compared in different ages, genders, regions and provinces from 2005 to 2014.The Tibetan students was used with the data of Tibetan minority and all the other students from 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) were Han minority.Results: The prevalence of malnutrition of children and adolescents of Han minority aged 7-18 years in 2014 was 10.0%.The prevalence of malnutrition components, including stunting, mild wasting and moderate severe wasting, were 0.8%, 3.7%, and 5.5%.Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition of Han children and adolescents in 2014 had declined with 5.0 and 2.6 percentage points, respectively, and its components had declined with 1.0, 1.8, 2.2 and 0.4, 1.1, 1.2 percentage points, respectively.The prevalence of malnutrition of 2014 in boys was higher than in girls (11.1% vs.8.9%), the rural was higher than the urban (11.0% vs.9.1%) and the west (11.7%) was higher than the east (9.0%) and the middle (9.2%).Mild wasting of Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years was the main component in malnutrition and the stunting in the Han and Tibetan children and adolescents only accounted for 8.0% and 7.5%, respectively.Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition for Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in 2014 had declined with various extents constantly, and there was a statistically significant difference among three surveys (P<0.05).Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition mainly concentrated in the southwest of China from 2005 to 2014.Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition declined in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 2014.The number of provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition decreased constantly and increased for the number of province (autonomous regions, municipalities) with low prevalence.Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years had declined from 2005 to 2014, but the total prevalence of malnutrition was still high.Mild wasting was the main component in malnutrition and the prevalence of stunting was low.Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition mainly concentrated in the southwest of China.
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Objective To explore the association between cesarean section and obesity in child and adolescent.Methods In this study,a total number of 42 758 primary and middle school students aged between 6 and 17 were selected,using the stratified cluster sampling method in 93 primary and middle schools in Hunan,Ningxia,Tianjin,Chongqing,Liaoning,Shanghai and Guangdong provinces and autonomous regions.Log-Binomial regression model was used to analyze the association between cesarean section and obesity in childhood or adolescent.Results Mean age of the subjects was (10.5±3.2) years.The overall rate of cesarean section among subjects attending primary or secondary schools was 42.3％,with 55.9％ in boys and,40.6％ in girls respectively and with difference statistically significant (P＜0.001).The rate on obesity among those that received cesarean section (17.6％) was significantly higher than those who experienced vaginal delivery (10.2％) (P＜0.001).Results from the log-binomial regression model showed that cesarean section significantly increased the risk of obesity in child and adolescent (OR=1.72,95％CI:1.63-1.82;P＜0.001).After adjusting for factors as sex,residential areas (urban or rural),feeding patterns,frequencies of milk-feeding,eating high-energy foods,eating fried foods and the levels of parental education,family income,parental obesity,physical activity levels,gestational age and birth weight etc.,the differences were still statistically significant (OR=1.48,95％ CI:1.39-1.57;P＜0.001).Conclusion The rate of cesarean section among pregnant women in China appeared high which may significantly increase the risk of obesity in child or adolescent.
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Objective To understand and evaluate the characteristics of geographic distribution of high blood pressure prevalence in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in China in 2014,and provide evidence for the prevention of hypertension in children and adolescents.Methods The data of 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health conducting 31 provinces (except Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan) were collected.A total of 216 299 children and adolescents who had complete blood pressure records were selected as study subjects.The low,middle and high prevalence areas were identified according to their high blood pressure detection rates in the children and adolescents,＜4％,4％-7％ and ＞7％,to analyze the geographic distribution of high blood pressure prevalence in the children and adolescents.The environmental data in the capitals of 31 provinces in 2014 were collected to analyze the correlation between environmental factors and blood pressure Z score in the children and adolescents.Results The average detection rates of high blood pressure was 6.4％ in 31 provinces (1.5％-14.2％).The high prevalence areas were mainly distributed in the eastern China,especially the Circum-Bohai sea area,low prevalence areas were mainly distributed in the central and western areas of China and some provinces in the east.Correlation analysis results showed that the annual average temperature,annual average air humidity and local altitude were negatively correlated with blood pressure Z score,including diastolic and systolic blood pressure,in both boys and girls.The annual average sunshine time,PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations,content of SO2 were positively correlated with blood pressure Z score in both boys and girls.Conclusions There was a significant difference in high blood pressure of children and adolescents among 31 provinces.More attention should be paid to the children and adolescents living high prevalence area.And it is necessary to understand environmental factors which can affect the blood pressure of children and adolescents.
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Objective To understand the physical endurance level of primary and middle school students in China in 2014,and identify the factors influencing students' physical endurance.Methods Data were collected from "National School Student Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance in 2014",a total of 142 708 primary and middle school students with complete information were included in the analysis.The age,gender and area specific failure rates of endurance running of students were analyzed,the differences were analyzed with x2 test,and the factors influencing students' physical endurance were identified with log-binomial regression model.Results Among the 142 708 students,the failure rate of endurance running was 21.6％ (30 867/142 708).The failure rate was 23.7％ (16 891/71 388) in boys and 19.6％ (13 976/71 320) in girls (x2=347.73,P＜0.05).And it was 24.8％ in students in urban area (17 713/71 378),higher than that in students in rural area (18.4％,13 154/71 330) (x2=855.29,P＜0.05).The failure rate of endurance running showed an upward trend with age.Insufficient physical education class hour (OR=1.13,95％CI:1.11-1.15),not taking breakfast daily (OR=1.22,95％ CI:1.20-1.25),daily physical exercise time ＜ 1 hour (OR=1.44,95％CI:1.40-1.48),the screen watching time ＞2 hours (OR=1.16,95％CI:1.14-1.19) and overweight or obesity (OR=1.90,95％ CI:1.86-1.95) might be the risk factors for the failure of physical endurance.Conclusion The physical endurance of primary and secondary students in China was not optimistic,and the factors influencing their physical endurance included gender,living area,physical education class time,daily homework time,breakfast,daily exercise time and nutrition status.
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Objective To analyze the level of hemoglobin level and the prevalence of anemia in students aged 7-14 years in China.Methods According to the 2010 Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health,71 130 students who were aged 7,9,12 and 14 years and had received hemoglobin test were sampled as the subjects,WHO anemia diagnostic criteria was used to explore the hemoglobin level and the prevalence of anemia.Results The mean concentrations of hemoglobin were (129.25 ± 11.37) g/L,(131.04 ± 11.08) g/L,(135.02 ± 12.12) g/L and (138.47 ± 13.97) g/L and the prevalence of anemia was 9.0％,6.5％,8.6％ and 7.7％ respectively in 7,9,12 and 14 years old students.The prevalence of anemia was 9.7％ in girls,significant higher than that in boys (6.2％),and 8.8％ in rural students,significantly higher than that in urban students (7.1％).The hemoglobin levels were (133.19 ± 12.56) g/L,(133.28 ± 12.76) g/L,(134.24 ± 12.73) g/L and (133.79 ± 12.16) g/L and the prevalence of anemia were 8.8％,8.3％,6.7％ and 5.9％ respectively in thin,normal,overweight and fat students,there were significant differences among four groups.Conclusion The prevalence of anemia in students aged 7-14 years in China was still high,and there was significant differences among different gender,area,age and nutritional status groups.
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Objective To understand and evaluate the prevalence of myopia and its trend in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in Han ethnic group in China from 2005 to 2014,and provide evidence for the prevention of myopia.Methods The data of 2005,2010 and 2014 Chinese National Students Constitution and Health Surveys were collected.The children and adolescents with complete detection data of binoculus were selected as study subjects.The sample size of three studies were 233 108,215 319 and 212 743,respectively.The method of curve fitting was used to simulate the myopia detection increase model and analyze the gender and area specific myopia detection increase trends and characteristics from 2005 to 2014.Results The overall myopia detection rate increased gradually in the children and adolescents aged 7 to 18,which was 47.5％ in 2005,55.5％ in 2010 and 57.1％ in 2014,respectively.The increase slowed in 2014.A "parabola" shape of myopia detection increase rate was observed.Myopia detection rate increased with age before puberty and decreased with age after puberty gradually.A "cross phenomenon" of myopia detection increase was observed in boys and girls between urban and rural areas.The increase of myopia detection was mainly in urban students before puberty and in rural students after puberty.The age of myopia prevalence peak has become earlier constantly in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2005 to 2014,which was 13 years old in 2005,12 years old in 2010 and 11 years old in 2014.The increase rate was about 7％.During 2005-2014,the increase rate of myopia detection gradually increased in younger students and tended to zero in older students.Conclusion The detection rate of myopia was still high in children and adolescents in China.The age of myopia prevalence peak has become earlier gradually.
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Objective To explore the prevalence of physical activity time ＜1 hour and related factors in students aged 9-22 years in China.Methods A total of 220 159 students (110 039 boys and 110 120 girls) aged 9-22 years who completed the questionnaire of physical activity and lifestyle behaviors were selected from "2014 National Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance" for the current study.All the participants were divided into 2 groups,i.e.physical activity time ＜ 1 hour and physical activity time ≥ 1 hour according the suggestion of Central Government,stratified by age and gender.x2 tests were used to compare the difference in the prevalence of physical activity time ＜ 1 hour between boys and girls in every age groups.Univariate and multivariate log-binomial regression models were used to explore the factors that influenced the prevalence of physical activity time ＜ 1 hour.Results The boy's prevalence of physical activity time ＜1 hour was 73.3％,with the lowest (57.0％) in 9-years-old group,and highest (82.5％) in 18 years old group.The girl's prevalence of physical activity time ＜ 1 hour was 79.1％,with the lowest (60.1％) in 9-years-old group,and highest (89.8％) in 21 years old group.Overall,The prevalence of physical activity time ＜ 1 hour was significantly higher in girls than in boys (P＜0.001),and the prevalence were significantly higher in girls than in boys in all the age groups (P＜0.001),and it was observed that the prevalence of physical activity ＜ 1 hour increased with age in both boys and girls (P＜0.001).Multivariate log-binomial regression model found that being girl (PR=1.05,95％CI:1.05-1.06),parents' disliking children to participate physical activity (PR=1.08,95％CI:1.07-1.09),heavy homework (PR=1.13,95％CI:1.12-1.14),long homework time (PR=1.08,95％CI:1.07-1.08),long time spending on electronic screen watching (PR=1.01,95％CI:1.00-1.01) and disliking physical class (PR=1.11,95％CI:1.10-1.12) could be the risk factors for physical activity time ＜ 1 hour,however,living in rural area (PR=0.99,95％CI:0.98-0.99) and no supporting from parents for children to participate physical activity (PR=0.99,95％CI:1.98-1.00) could be the protective factors,but no consistent association with the time of TV watching was observed (P=0.226).Conclusions The prevalence of physical activity time ＜ 1 hour was high in students aged 9-22 years in China.Female,parents;disliking children to participate physical activity,heavy homework,long homework time,long electronic screen watching time and disliking physical class might be the risk factors.
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Objective To explore the association between cesarean section and obesity in child and adolescent.Methods In this study,a total number of 42 758 primary and middle school students aged between 6 and 17 were selected,using the stratified cluster sampling method in 93 primary and middle schools in Hunan,Ningxia,Tianjin,Chongqing,Liaoning,Shanghai and Guangdong provinces and autonomous regions.Log-Binomial regression model was used to analyze the association between cesarean section and obesity in childhood or adolescent.Results Mean age of the subjects was (10.5±3.2) years.The overall rate of cesarean section among subjects attending primary or secondary schools was 42.3％,with 55.9％ in boys and,40.6％ in girls respectively and with difference statistically significant (P＜0.001).The rate on obesity among those that received cesarean section (17.6％) was significantly higher than those who experienced vaginal delivery (10.2％) (P＜0.001).Results from the log-binomial regression model showed that cesarean section significantly increased the risk of obesity in child and adolescent (OR=1.72,95％CI:1.63-1.82;P＜0.001).After adjusting for factors as sex,residential areas (urban or rural),feeding patterns,frequencies of milk-feeding,eating high-energy foods,eating fried foods and the levels of parental education,family income,parental obesity,physical activity levels,gestational age and birth weight etc.,the differences were still statistically significant (OR=1.48,95％ CI:1.39-1.57;P＜0.001).Conclusion The rate of cesarean section among pregnant women in China appeared high which may significantly increase the risk of obesity in child or adolescent.
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Objective To understand and evaluate the characteristics of geographic distribution of high blood pressure prevalence in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in China in 2014,and provide evidence for the prevention of hypertension in children and adolescents.Methods The data of 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health conducting 31 provinces (except Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan) were collected.A total of 216 299 children and adolescents who had complete blood pressure records were selected as study subjects.The low,middle and high prevalence areas were identified according to their high blood pressure detection rates in the children and adolescents,＜4％,4％-7％ and ＞7％,to analyze the geographic distribution of high blood pressure prevalence in the children and adolescents.The environmental data in the capitals of 31 provinces in 2014 were collected to analyze the correlation between environmental factors and blood pressure Z score in the children and adolescents.Results The average detection rates of high blood pressure was 6.4％ in 31 provinces (1.5％-14.2％).The high prevalence areas were mainly distributed in the eastern China,especially the Circum-Bohai sea area,low prevalence areas were mainly distributed in the central and western areas of China and some provinces in the east.Correlation analysis results showed that the annual average temperature,annual average air humidity and local altitude were negatively correlated with blood pressure Z score,including diastolic and systolic blood pressure,in both boys and girls.The annual average sunshine time,PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations,content of SO2 were positively correlated with blood pressure Z score in both boys and girls.Conclusions There was a significant difference in high blood pressure of children and adolescents among 31 provinces.More attention should be paid to the children and adolescents living high prevalence area.And it is necessary to understand environmental factors which can affect the blood pressure of children and adolescents.
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Objective To understand the physical endurance level of primary and middle school students in China in 2014,and identify the factors influencing students' physical endurance.Methods Data were collected from "National School Student Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance in 2014",a total of 142 708 primary and middle school students with complete information were included in the analysis.The age,gender and area specific failure rates of endurance running of students were analyzed,the differences were analyzed with x2 test,and the factors influencing students' physical endurance were identified with log-binomial regression model.Results Among the 142 708 students,the failure rate of endurance running was 21.6％ (30 867/142 708).The failure rate was 23.7％ (16 891/71 388) in boys and 19.6％ (13 976/71 320) in girls (x2=347.73,P＜0.05).And it was 24.8％ in students in urban area (17 713/71 378),higher than that in students in rural area (18.4％,13 154/71 330) (x2=855.29,P＜0.05).The failure rate of endurance running showed an upward trend with age.Insufficient physical education class hour (OR=1.13,95％CI:1.11-1.15),not taking breakfast daily (OR=1.22,95％ CI:1.20-1.25),daily physical exercise time ＜ 1 hour (OR=1.44,95％CI:1.40-1.48),the screen watching time ＞2 hours (OR=1.16,95％CI:1.14-1.19) and overweight or obesity (OR=1.90,95％ CI:1.86-1.95) might be the risk factors for the failure of physical endurance.Conclusion The physical endurance of primary and secondary students in China was not optimistic,and the factors influencing their physical endurance included gender,living area,physical education class time,daily homework time,breakfast,daily exercise time and nutrition status.