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Objective@#To study the clinical effect of nano-fat mixed granule fat transplantation in the treatment of cicatricial facial depression and atrophy, and to explore the related experimental mechanism.@*Methods@#(1) From January 2012 to April 2018, 105 patients conforming to the inclusion criteria, with cicatricial facial depression and atrophy deformity who needed facial fat transplantation, were admitted to our unit. Their medical records were analyzed retrospectively. According to the patients′ wishes, 54 patients (12 males and 42 females) aged 10-59 years received traditional transplantation of pure autologous granule fat collected from abdomen/thigh and were included in simple transplantation group, while the other 51 patients (14 males and 37 females) aged 7-63 years received transplantation of autologous nano-fat mixed granule fat collected from abdomen/thigh and were included in mixed transplantation group. The treatment satisfaction of patients 3 and 6 months after operation was assessed by the facial fullness, symmetry, scar, and complications using self-made scales and photo data before and after operation. Six months after operation, the patients were assessed whether they needed to undergo a second operation, and the rate of second operation was calculated. During the second operation, the fat of patients transplanted in the first operation was collected, and the morphology of adipocytes and microangiogenesis was observed under a scanning electron microscope. (2) Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and cultured from abdominal fat of a 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat. The 5th passage of cells were selected to observe cell morphology after cultured for 14 days, observe expression of vimentin and cytokeratin-18 by immunofluorescence method, identify osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, and detect rates of CD29 and CD44 positive cells by flow cytometer (n=3). Eighteen 4-week-old male SD rats were divided into ADSCs transplantation group, simple scar group, and blank control group according to the random number table, with 6 rats in each group. Rats in ADSCs transplantation group and simple scar group were subcutaneously injected with 1 mL bleomycin which was dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with a mass concentration of 1 mg/mL at the back to establish scar models. After 3 hours, rats in ADSCs transplantation group were injected with 1×106 ADSCs suspended in 0.1 mL PBS at the same injection site, while rats in simple scar group were injected with 0.1 mL PBS. Rats in blank control group were injected with the same doses of PBS in the same place at the same two time points mentioned above. After continuous injection for 28 days in each group, the full-thickness skin tissue of the injected area of all rats was collected to observe the collagen fibers by Masson staining and expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) by immunohistochemistry, and the positive cells were counted. Data were processed with Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, one-way analysis of variance, and least significant difference test.@*Results@#(1) Compared with the preoperative condition, the facial fullness and symmetry of patients in simple transplantation group were better in 3 months after operation, with scar color closer to the surrounding skin, and the filling volume of patients in this group decreased in 6 months after operation as compared with that in 3 months after operation. In mixed transplantation group, the facial fullness and symmetry of patients were better in 3 and 6 months after operation as compared with the preoperative condition, with scar color and texture closer to the surrounding skin, and the filling volume in 6 months after operation was not obviously reduced as compared with that in 3 months after operation. Fat liquefaction and subcutaneous nodule formation occurred respectively in 1 patient in simple transplantation group within 3 months after operation. The treatment satisfaction of patients in mixed transplantation group was significantly higher than that in simple transplantation group in 3 and 6 months after operation (Z=-2.566, -3.084, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Six months after operation, the second operation rate of patients in mixed transplantation group was 7.84% (4/51), which was significantly lower than 22.22% (12/54) in simple transplantation group (χ2=4.199, P<0.05). At the second operation, compared with those of simple transplantation group, the cells of fat transplanted in the first operation of patients in mixed transplantation group were more plump, without collapse or dryness, and the cells were closely arranged, with smaller gap; the tubular and the cord-like microvascular structure on the cell surface were more abundant, and the cell gap was full of network-like microvascular structure that grew into the adipose tissue. (2) The fifth passage of cells isolated and cultured from rat fat grew adherently to the wall, with long fusiform or spindle shape, showing shoal-of-fish-like growth. Vimentin and cytokeratin-18 were highly expressed in the cells. Cells showed osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation ability by induction. The positive expression rates of CD29 and CD44 were higher than 90.00%. The cells were identified as ADSCs. After 28 days of injection, the collagen fibers in the dermis of skin tissue at the injection area of rats in blank control group were finely arranged. In simple scar group, a large amount of collagen was deposited in the dermis of skin tissue at the injection area of rats, the fiber bundles were thick and loosely unevenly arranged, and a large number of inflammatory infiltration and scattered muscle fibers were observed. In ADSCs transplantation group, the collagen fibers in the dermis of skin tissue at the injection area of rats were thicker than those of blank control group, with still neat arrangement, and a small amount of scattered muscle fiber and inflammatory infiltration was observed. After 28 days of injection, the expression of α-SMA in ADSCs transplantation group was mainly in microvessels in the dermis of skin tissue at the injected area of rats, and the number of α-SMA and TGF-β1 positive cells was (49±12) and (63±10) cells per 20-fold field of view, respectively, which was similar to (35±16) and (44±17) cells per 20-fold field of view of blank control group (P>0.05), all significantly less than (135±13) and (121±23) cells per 20-fold field of view of simple scar group (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Compared with those of autologous simple granule fat transplantation, autologous nano-fat mixed granule fat transplantation has better filling fullness in the treatment of patients with scar facial depression and atrophy. The filling effect lasts longer, and the improvement of scar texture is more obvious. As showed in the rat scar model experiment, the mechanism may be that ADSCs inhibit the expressions of α-SMA and TGF-β1, thus inhibiting the formation of scar.
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Objective To investigate the curative effect of Zhizhukuanzhong capsule combined with Deanxit in the treatment of functional dyspepsia ( FD) of spleen -deficiency and qi -stagnation.Methods Seventy -six patients with FD were randomly divided into three groups .A group (24 cases)_was given Zhizhukuanzhong combined with Deanxit,B group (26 cases) was given Zhizhukuanzhong ,C group (26 cases) received trimebutine dispersible tablets treatment.After treatment for 8 weeks,the symptoms of indigestion,depressive state and therapeutic effect were observed.Results Before treatment,there were no statistically significant differences in the symptoms of dyspepsia (all P>0.05).After treatment,the symptoms of dyspepsia were improved in different degree ,the effective rates of A, B,C three groups were 91.6%,65.4% and 42.3%,respectively,there was no statistically significant difference between A group and B group(χ2 =1.579,P=0.209);there was statistically significant difference between A group and C group(χ2 =13.549,P=0.000);there was no statistically significant difference between B group and C group (χ2 =2.786,P=0.09).The FD patients complicated with varying degrees of anxiety and depression ,there was no statistically significant difference among the three groups before treatment (P>0.05).After treatment,comparison of HAMA and HAMD scores among the three groups:there were statistically significant differences between A group and B group (tHAMA =6.839,tHAMD =4.607,all P<0.05),A group and C group (tHAMA =20.069,tHAMD =15.342,all P<0.01),B group and C group (tHAMA =11.951,tHAMD =12.071,all P<0.01).After treatment,the HAMA,HAMD scores of A group and B group were significantly decreased compared with before treatment ( A group tHAMA =52.758,tHAMD=49.970,B group tHAMA =30.230,tHAMD =17.151,all P<0.01).Those in C group had no statistically significant decline compared with before treatment (tHAMA =7.845,tHAMD =3.530,all P>0.05).The adverse reactions of A group were mainly weakness ,dizziness,drowsiness,which were alleviated within 2 weeks.The adverse reactions of B group were slight stomach disease and stool frequency increased ,which not affected the treatment.The adverse reactions of C group were digestive tract symptoms ,which lasted for more than 2 weeks.Conclusion Zhizhukuanzhong capsule combined with Deanxit in the treatment of FD of spleen -deficiency and qi -stagnation can obtain good curative effect,it is safe,convenient,and with minor side effects,good compliance.
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Objective To explore the clinical effects of injection rhinoplasty with non-absorpted material and prevention of the complications.Methods A total of 578 patinets with rhinoplasty in Interpretation Medical Cosmetic Center of Wuhan City and Southwest Hospital from March 2010 to January 2016 were selected,who included 239 cases injected by absorbed material,213 cases injected by non-absorbed material and 126 cases implanted by silicone prosthesis.Then the clinical effects,curative keeping time and complications of three groups in 0,1,3,6 and 12 months after injected or implanted were observed.Results 578 patients of nasal shape and outline were significantly improved immediately after surgery and injection,but the adverse reaction and complication of silicone prosthesis increased more than those of other two groups,the differences were significant(P<0.01).While,the nose shape and outline and cosmetic effects of patients by silicone prosthesis or absorbed material postoperated became worse from 6 months to 1 year(P<0.05),and the non-absorbed groups had kept much better in the nose shape and outline and the satisfactory effects than the other two groups,the differences were significant(P<0.01).Conclusion Injection of rhinoplasty is safe and effective,meanwile the injection rhinoplasty with non-absorbed material is more suitable for Asian with less adverse reaction.
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Objective To explore the clinical application of treating severe soft tissue defect on distal leg and foot with sural nerve nutrient vessels retrograde island flap.Methods A total of 34 cases of patients who were treated with sural nerve nutrient vessels retrograde island flap were regared as the observation group, and the other 12 cases who were treated with local rotation skin flap grafting were regared as the control group.The postoperative survival rate of skin flap,complications,functional recovery and local sensation of the two groups were evaluated.Results The transplanted skin flap of the observation group all survived after operation.There were 3 cases of partial necrosis of the skin flap distal edge which were cured with dressing change.A few tension vesicle occured in 3 patients and they were cured with dressing change.The transplanted skin flap of the control group all survived after operation,but there were different degree of scar contracture,flap deformation and flap atrophy 6 months after surgery.The postoperative function,local sensation,scar size of the observation group were better than those of the control group with statistically significant difference (P<0.05).Conclusion To treat severe soft tissue defect on distal leg and foot with sural nerve nutrient vessels retrograde island flap is a good method which can promote severe tissue defect repair on the lower extremity and foot.
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Objective To explore a new surgical method for the treatment of refractory fistula after breast augmentation and to improve patients healing efficiently.Methods This paper had collected two groups,a total of 178 cases of injected breast augmentation,who had shown the polyacrylamide hydrogel(PAAG)mixture shift,and caused abdominal fistula.Among them,89 cases further adopt new design in the treatment of fistula by using breast muscle membrane tissue flap and improve the effect of fistula treatment after the removal of fistula.And the other 89 cases were token the pure clean the cavity away caused by the abnormal material shift into the chest and abdominal wall.Results It was observed that PAAG widely distributed in the chest and abdominal wall and formatted the fistula connected mammary gland,axillary,chest abdominal wall.The area of lesions lacuna shrink by 80％ for the group used tissue flap after 2 weeks,but those not with tissue flap shrink by 45％(P＜0.01).At 4th week,all the patients of flap group achieved tissue healed,while the completely heal ratio of control group was only 73％.Compared two groups of healing rate,the group with tissue flap was obviously better than ones only with surgical method.Conclusion It suggests that main reasons for the liquidity bag and huge cavity are PAAG mixture shift into thoracic and abdominal wall and formed chronic fistula and connected the chest and abdominal wall.Local muscle membrane tissue flap can obviously promote the chest and abdominal wall fistula healing.
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Objective To study the clinical effect and complications of modified autogenous fat grafting for breast augmentation.Methods The datas of 29 patients with improved autogenous fat grafting for breast augmentation and 32 patients with traditional autogenous fat grafting for breast augmentation were summarised.The adipocyte survival rate,complications and patient satisfaction survey after 3 and 6 months of transplantation were evaluated.PAAG breast augmentation and normal breast tissue specimens were detected by HE staining and immunofluorescence staining to analyze the safety of autogenous fat grafting for breast augmentation.Results Both of adipocyte survival rates and satisfaction of patients who recieved improved autogenous fat grafting were significantly higher than those of patients with traditional autogenous fat grafting(P ＜ 0.05),both two methods with less complications,the difference was not significant (P ＞ 0.05).The immunofluorescence tests showed that there was no inflammatory reaction and immune dysfunction of autogenous fat grafting,which had no difference with the results of the normal tissues (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Autogenous fat grafting for breast augmentation is safe and reliable,and modified autogenous fat grafting for breast augmentation can obviously increase the adipocyte survival rate after transplantation.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy of breast tissue flap cohesive treatment after breast augmentation injection mixture dis-placed.Methods A total of 78 patients with breast augmentation injection mixture polyacrylamide hydrogel(PAAG)shift in our hospital from January 2006 to March 2014 were divided into two groups according to different surgical methods,39 cases with the material shifted to abdominal wall in control group were treated by taking the cleaning operation to scrape residual cavity,39 patients in observation recieved new breast tissue flap design local treatment of breast fistula closed chest and abdominal wall channel after surgical elimination of the same abdom-inal wall cavities.Results The PAAG extensive deposition in the breast tissue,armpits,chest wall clearance were formed fistula communica-tion.The secretions of patients treated with tissue flap decreased 82%,the lacunar lesions reduced 80% after 2 weeks,while patients without tissue flap,the drain reduced 46%,the lesion size reduced 45%,the difference between the two groups was significant(P <0.01).The heal-ing rate of tissue flap group was higher than that of conventional group after 4 weeks.Conclusion The PAAG mixture shifting formed fistula communication in the abdominal wall is the main reason of the mass flow and a huge cavity.Flap can significantly promote abdominal wall fis-tula healing.
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Objective To investigate the effects of exogenous osteopontin (OPN ) the migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) in mice .Methods Using the OPN -/- and wild-type C57 mice ,the MSCs were isolated and cultured .These cells were analysed and sorted by flow cytometry .Then ,Transwell migration assay detected whether OPN can induce the migration of these MSCs .Finally ,the method of Western blot was used to detect the changes of expression of OPN ,CD44 and Integrinβ1 pro-teins .Results The morphology and features of MSCs were proved correctly on 3 passages ,which these cells expressed the proteins of CD44 and CD105 ,but not CD34 .The surface marker antigens were accorded with the general features of MSCs .Compared with OPN -/- mice ,the MSCs significantly increased cell migration in groups of 0 .5 μg/mL OPN and wild type C57 mice ,which was positively related to the times using OPN .Using recombinant OPN protein(0 .5μg/mL) ,expression of related proteins was signifi-cantly increased ,but still lower than the group of wild type mice (P<0 .01) .Compared with OPN -/- mice ,expression of OPN , CD44 ,and Integrinβ1 protein increased significantly different (P<0 .01) in groups of 0 .5 μg/mL OPN and wild type C57 mice . Conclusion OPN can up-regulate the expression of CD44 and Integrinβ1 proteins and promote MSCs migration .
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Objective To study interaction proteins with secreted apoptosis-related protein 1 (SARP1) in fibroblasts of hypertrophic scar and to analyze its molecular mechanisms.Methods The recombinant adenovirus Ad-SARP1 was successfully constructed and transfected into the fibroblasts of hypertrophic scar in culture.The proteins were precipitated by immunoprecipitation and separated by SDS-PAGE,then it was stained with Coomassie blue and proteins from SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis strip were analyzed with enzymolysis and mass spectrometric in turn.The peptide sequences were obtained according to mass spectrometry and the database were searched automatically.Results The results showed that in control cells,Ad-SARP1 and Ad-EGFP infected cells,were precipitated 7 protein bands,their molecular weights were about 93 × 103,43 × 103,40 × 103,37 × 103,31 × 103,26 × 103 and 12× 103,respectively; without SARP1 antibody the protein bands did not precipitate.Analysis of the 6 protein bands showed that proteins that might interact with SARP1 included periostin precursor (OSF-2),asporin precursor (PLAP1),phosphoglycerate kinase 1,rCG50690,apolipoprotein A-I precursor (Apo-AI),and thioredoxin 1 (TRX1).Conclusions The interaction proteins of SARP1 can be obtained by immunoprecipitation combined with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and ion trap detection technology.These results provide new clues for the mechanism of SARP1 regulates the apoptosis signal pathway of HSFb.
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Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the application of auricular composite tissue flap in treatment of nasal alar de-fect. Methods 43 cases of nasal defects patients were admitted to our hospital from January 2008 to March 2013, 23 cases of them were treated with auricular composite tissue flap transplantation, and the other 20 cases were given nasolabial sulcus flap transfer operation. All patients were followed-up for 6 to 12 months, and the rate of secondary surgery, proliferation of scar, and flap survival of the two groups were compared. Results Treatment of auricular composite tissue flap transplantation has more advantages in terms of the rate of secondary surgery, proliferation of scar, and flap survival, and the difference is of statistical significance (P<0. 05). And there is no obvious differ-ence in satisfaction degree of cosmetic outcomes. Conclusion Auricular composite tissue flap surgery has the advantages of simple opera-tion, good appearance and good efficacy.
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Objective To explore the effects of secreted apoptosis-related protein 1 (SARP1) on apoptosis of the hyperstrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFB) and its regulating mechnisms.Methods The recombinant vector was identified by enzyme digestion analysis.And the virus supernatant of the recombinant vector was extracted from packaged 293 cells,then it infected the skin fibroblasts from hypertrophic scar patients,which aimed to promote its expression of SARP1 protein.After adenovirus infection,the expression of SARP1 in the fibroblasts was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot.The effect of SARP1 on proliferation of HSFB was detected by MTT assay,and the effect of SARP1 on apoptosis of HSFB was detected and change of the cells functions were analyzed by FACS.Results Recombinants were confirmed.After adenovirus infection,both protein and mRNA of SARP1 were detected in HSFB.And the mRNA value of SARPlwas detected to increase significantly by RT-PCR and the protein expression was detected to increase significantly by Western blot (P＜0.05).The proliferation in the groups of the adenovirus infection and HSFB was positively regulated by SARP1 (P＜0.01) and the apoptosis of them was inhibited by the expression of SARP1 as compared to the control groups of HSFB and Ad-EGFP.It showed that the apoptosis index decreased as compared the group of infected fibroblasts to the control group by flow cytometry.Conclusions SARP1 could be highly expressed in HSFB by adenovirus infection,exhibiting the proliferation-enhancing and apoptosis-inhibiting effects on HSFB.
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Objective Chronic persistent infection following hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel (HPG) injection is one of serious complications in augmentation mammaplasty.It was to search for a perfect treatment for the infection.MethodsA total of 126 patients who accepted HPG injection appeared serious chronic infections.Operation was performed to cut out the HPG and necrotic tissues.The cavities were repeatly washed with negative pressure drainage to control the infection.ResultsAll the symptoms were relieved one to 3 weeks after the treatments in 126 cases.The examination showed that no visible HPG and infection remained in the cavity.No defects existed in the breast and chest wall.ConclusionsFor this infection,the best therapy is to remove the pathologic tissue by surgery and to efficiently control the infection with medication.
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To investigate the clinical application of the scrotal flap on penis lengthening. One hundred and fifty-two patients were operated using the scrotal flap from July 1998 to January 2008 at the Department of Plastic and Aesthetic, Surgery Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China. The procedure consisted of designing a positive sign shaped incision 1.5cm above the root of the penis, dissect and release the superficial suspensory ligament and part of the deep suspensory ligament, then cover the elongated cavernosum with proper scrotal flap. Six-month to 5-year follow-up showed that all patients were satisfied with the good contour and function of the penis. The operation was successful. The method of using scrotal flap on penis lengthening has the following advantages: simple operation, reliable blood supply of the flap, one-stage operation, and satisfactory postoperative results. It is a preferable operation technique for penis lengthening
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Humans , Male , Female , Surgical Flaps , Scrotum/blood supply , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Treatment Outcome , Postoperative Complications , PenisABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To screen the hypertrophic scar related cytoskeletal genes during early postburn stage, so as to explore their roles in postburn scar contraction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>cDNA microarray chips containing 4096 human cDNAs were employed to investigate the cytoskeletal gene expression of the scar samples from human postburn hypertrophic scar. Furthermore, the expression of one of the cytoskeletal genes in hypertrophic scar tissue was studied by in situ hybridization.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Thirteen up - regulated cytoskeletal genes in 3 early postburn hypertrophic scar samples were identified. Moreover, the cells expressing human tropomyosin TM30 mRNA, one of the up - regulated cytoskeletal genes, were found increased in the early postburn hypertrophic scar samples.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In this study up - regulated expression of many hypertrophic scar related cytoskeletal genes was found in the scar samples during early postburn stage, and they might be important factors leading to postburn hypertrophic scar formation and contraction.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Burns , Genetics , Cicatrix, Hypertrophic , Genetics , Cytoskeleton , Genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , RNA, Messenger , Genetics , Metabolism , Tropomyosin , Genetics , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Objective To screen the differentially expressed genes between hypertrophic scar of burn and normal skin using gene microarray, to find out the genes of significantly different-expression and to analyse the roles of them in development of hypertrophic scar. Methods The total DNA and RNA from 4 hypertrophic scar samples and 4 normal skin were isolated and purified to mRNA by oligotex. They were reversely transcribed to cDNA with the incorporation of fluorescent dTUP to prepare the hybridization probes. Then, the mixed probes were hybridized to the cDNA chip and scanned for the signals and found differences between scar and normal skin. Results Among 4000 target genes, there were 378～451 genes once and 114～152 third times significantly different between hypertrophic scar and normal skin and 97 different-expressed genes in all 4 cases. Conclusions There are differences of gene expression between hypertrophic scar and normal skin screened by microarray. As the scanned cases increase, the common differentially-expressed genes become less and less, which may involve in the development of hypertrophic scar.
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Objective Vimentin is one of the proteins of cytoskele to n and cell movement. To investigate the effect of gene expression of fibroblast vimentin on the formation and contraction of hypertrophic scar in this report. Methods According to the results of differently expressed genes in hypertrophic scar by gene microarray, Vimentin, one of the most important g enes , was selected and made into oligonucleotide probe. 24 cases of hypertrophi c scar and 24 non-hypertrophic scar and 12 normal skin were used and these scar were taken on 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after burned. Frozen section and cultured f ibroblasts were made to detect the expression of the gene by in situ hybridizati on. Results Expression of vimentin was defected in scar tissue, but those in the hypertrophic scar on 3 and 6 months after burn were significan tly stronger than those in the hypertrophic scar on 9 and 12 months after burn a nd non-hypertrophic scar. Conclusions Over-expression of cyto skeletal relative genes causes the contraction of scar and vimentin acts leading and key functions.
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Sera from 80 patients suffering from gastritis and/or digestive ulcer were examined for IgG, IgA and IgM to Helicobacter pylori by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-H. pylori IgG and IgA in serum could be used for diagnosis of H. pylori infection, but the former had good sensitivity (92.0%) and the latter had a great specificity (94.4%). Serum anti-H, pylori IgM level was not associated with H. pylori infection. There were no remarkable relationship between H. pylori infection degree arid levels of anti-H, pylori IgG IgA. The positive percentage of anti-H, pylori IgG of health population deceased after 50 years old but the anti-H, pylori IgA increased.
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Objective To investigate the influence of NO mixture(L-arginine,apocynin and sodium nitroferricyanide) on wound healing of diabetes mellitus(DM) mice.Methods Fifty adult male Kunming mice were induced by streptozotocin to establish type I DM model.They were then randomly divided into control group,L-arginine group(150 g/L),apocynin group(1?10-4 mol/L),sodium nitroferricyanide group(0.1 mmol/L) and NO mixture group(above components were mixed with equal ratio).Full-thickness skin wound was made and injected with corresponding drugs of 0.15 ml once every 2 days.The wounds were digitally photographed to calculate the percentage of wound closure using computer image analysis software in 1,3,5,7 and 10 d post-injury.The density of fibroblasts,the content of collagenous fibers and the neovascularization in the wound samples were measured with the aid of HE staining.Results From the third day post-injury,the wound healing rate of NO mixture group was significantly higher than that of all the other groups(P
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Objective To investigate the roles of protooncogene C mer in hypertrophic scar and its significance. Methods Specimens were collected from patients. Oligonucleotide probe made using the specific fragment of protooncogene C mer was hybridized with the frozen slices of scar tissues and cultured fibroblasts. Changes of gene expression were detected by in situ hybridization. Results Stronger C mer expression was found in scar tissue than that in normal tissue ( P