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Objective To study the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX), an α2- adrenoceptor agonist, on the pain-related anxiety-like and depression-like behaviour induced by complete Freund' s adjuvant (CFA) injection and its possible regulatory mechanism. Methods Thirty-six ICR female mice were randomly divided into normal saline (NS) group, CFA group and DEX + CFA group, n = 12 for each group. Chronic inflammatory pain model was established by subcutaneous injection of 10 μl CFA into the right hind limb of mice. DEX + CFA group mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.025 mg/kg DEX 30 minutes before nociceptive behavior test, and once a day for 7 days. Von-frey fiber was used to evaluate the threshold of mechanical pain in mice, n = 12 for each group. The anxiety-like behavior of mice were detected by open field test, n = 12 for each group. Sucrose preference, tail suspension test and forced swimming test were used to detected the depression-like behavior of mice, n = 12 for each group. The expression of adrenergic receptor β2 (ADRB2), Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkB), and glutamate receptors 1 (GluR1) and GluR2 were detected by Western blotting, n = 8 for each group. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of recombinant doublecortin(DCX), which is a marker of newborn neurons in the hippocampus, n = 4 for each group. Results Compared with the NS group, the mechanical threshold of mice on the 1st, 3rd and 7th day after CFA injection decreased significantly (P 0.05). Compared with the NS group, the time spent in the inner ares (P<0.01), number of entering the central grid area (P<0.01) and distance travelled in the inner area (P<0.01) of CFA group mice reduced significantly, while the time (P<0.01), numbers (P < 0.05) and distance (P < 0.05) of DEX + CFA group mice entering the central grid area enhanced significantly. The result of depression-like behavior tests showed that the sucrose preference percentage (P < 0.05) reduced significantly in CFA group when compared with NS group, and the immobility time increased significantly in tail suspension test (P<0.01) and forced swimming test (P< 0.001) in CFA mice when compared with NS group, while DEX intervention could significantly increase the sucrose preference scores (P<0.05) and decreased the immobility time in tail suspension test (P<0.05) and forced swimming test (P<0.05). The result of Western blotting showed that compared with the NS group, the levels of ADRB2 (P<0.0010), BDNF (P < 0.001), TrkB (P < 0.01), GluR1 (P < 0.001) and GluR2 (P < 0.001) in the hippocampus of CFA group were significantly decreased, while DEX intervention could significantly increase the expression of ADRB2 (P<0.05), BDNF (P < 0.001), TrkB (P < 0.001), GluR1 (P < 0.001) and GluR2 (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical result showed that compared with the NS group, the average absorbance (AA) of DCX decreased significantly in hippocampus of CFA group (P<0.05), but increased significantly in DEX+CFA group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine may promote hippocampal neurogenesis through upregulated the expression of BDNF-TrkB, thus improving CFA-induced anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in mice.
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Objective To explore the expression and role of bromodomain-containing protein 4(BRD4) in spinal cord of mice which suffered inflammatory pain induced by formaldelryde solution. Methods Thirty-two ICR mice were randomly divided into normal saline group and formaldehyde injection 5 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes groups, with 8 mice in each group. The expression of BRD4 protein and mRNA in spinal cord of mice in each group were detected by Western blotting (n = 4/group) and Real-time PCR (n = 4/group); 66 mice were randomly divided into formaldelryde injection group, vehicle (DMSO) plus formaldelryde injection group and 6. 25, 12. 5, 25 and 50 mg/kg JQl injection plus formaldelryde solution group, with 11 mice in each group. The effect of BRD4 inhibitor JQl on spontaneous pain in each group was observed (n= 11/group); Immunohistochemistry (n= 3/group), Real-time PCR (n = 4/group) or Western blotting (n= 4/group) were used to detect the effects of 25 mg/kg JQ1 on the expression of c-fos and glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) in the spinal cord of model mice. Results The result showed that levels of BRD4 protein (P<0. 01) and mRNA in spinal cord increased significantly 30 min and 60 min after formaldehyde solution injection (P<0. 05). The behavioral test showed that both 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg JQf administration could reduce the second phase spontaneous pain compared with the solvent (DMSO) group (P < 0 . 05). Furthennore, immunohistochemistry and Real-time PCR result showed that 25 mg/kg JQf injection could significantly reduce positive numbers (P<0. 01) and high mRNA expression of c-fos in mouse spinal cord induced by formaldehyde solution (P < 0 . 05), and the Western blotting result showed that 25 mg/kg JQf administration could significantly reduce the expression of glutamate receptor GluR2 (P < 0. OOf). Conclusion BRD4 may play an important role in the induction of central sensitization of inflammatory pain, and JQf may alleviate inflammatory pain behavior by inhibiting the formation of central sensitization of pain.
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Objective To investigate the alteration of mood and hippocampal microglia morphology in a mouse model of chronic inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund' s adjuvant (CFA). Methods Thirty-two male ICR mice were randomly divided into two groups, including normal saline control group (NS) and CFA model group (CFA). The pain model was established by right hindpaw intraplantar CFA injection. The change of mechanical pain threshold after CFA injection was measured by von Frey fiber needle, the locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior were determined by open field test (OFT), the depression-like behavior was determined by sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST). The expression of microglia marker ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1) in the hippocampus was determined by immunohistochemistry and its morphological change was analyzed by Sholl analysis. Results Compared with the NS group, the mechanical pain threshold of CFA group decreased significantly (P<0.01). The behavior result showed that the CFA group showed remarkably reduced time in the inner area (P<0.01) compared with the NS group in the open field test; In the sucrose preference test, the percentage of sucrose preference (P<0.01) of CFA mice decreased significantly compared with the NS mice, while the immobility time of CFA mice (P<0.01) increased significantly in the forced swimming test compared with the NS mice. The immunohistochemistry showed that the number of microglia in the dentate gyrus (DG) of CFA mice increased significantly compared with the NS mice. The Sholl analysis result showed that compared with the NS mice, the number of intersections of microglia in hippocampal DG decreased significantly in CFA mice. Conclusion Our finding indicates that the negative emotions in CFA-induced chronic inflammatory pain may be related to the morphological changes of hippocampal microglia in the mice.
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Objective To investigate the effect of voluntary wheel running on negative affective of mice induced by formaldehyde. Methods Thirty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups, including normal saline control group (NS), formaldehyde model group (F), and voluntary wheel running with formaldehyde injection group ( R+ F). The pain model was established by right hindpaw intraplantar formalin injection, the mice of R+F group experienced voluntary wheel running for three weeks before intraplantar formaldehyde injection. The spontaneous pain behavior was determined by the cumulative time of licking paw. The anxiety-like behavior of each group was determined by open field test (OFT) and elevated plus-maze test (EPM) while the depression-like behavior of each group was determined by forced swimming test (FST). The expression of doublecortin ( DCX ) in the hippocampus was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the NS group, the typical two-phase pain response was observed in the F group, and compared with the F group, the second phase pain duration was significantly reduced in the R+F group (P<0. 01). In the open field test, the F group showed remarkably reduced time in the inner area(P<0. 001) compared with the NS group, while the R+F group increased time in the inner area (P<0. 05) compared with the F group. In the elevated plus-maze test, the F group showed remarkably reduced time (P< 0. 001) spent in the open arm compared with the NS group, however, compared with the F group, R+F group increased time spent in the open arm (P<0. 05). In the forced swimming test, the immobility time of the F group significant increased (P<0. 01) compared with the NS group, which was decreased in the R+F group (P<0. 05). The Immunohistochemistry showed that the area of DCX positive cells in the hippocampus of the F group was downregulated compared with the NS group, which was upregulated in the R+F group. Conclusion Our findings indicate that voluntary wheel running can improve anxiety and depression-like in mice induced by formaldehyde injection, which may be related to enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
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Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine ( DEX ) on formaldehyde-induced acute inflammatory pain. Methods Thirty female ICR mice were randomly divided into three groups, including normal saline control (NS) group, formaldehyde(F)group and dexmedetomidine + formaldehyde (DEX+F) group. 0. 1% formaldehyde solution was injected into subcutaneous tissue of mice right hind paw to establish acute inflammatory pain model. An hour before formalin injection, mice were intraperitoneal injected with DEX in DEX + F group, and mice were intraperitoneal injected with equal volume saline in NS group and F group. The expression of spinal cord glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP), which is a astrocytes marker, was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results Spontaneous pain score showed that compared with the NS group, the F group had typical biphasic pain response ; while compared with the F group, the DEX+F group showed a significant decrease in the first (P<0. 001) and second phase pain (P<0. 001). Immunohistochemical result showed that compared with the NS group, the F group had an increase number of GFAP positive cells in the posterior horn of the spinal cord (P<0. 001). However, the DEX+F group showed a decrease number of GFAP positive cells in the posterior horn of spinal cord compared with the F group (P<0. 001 ). Western blotting result showed that compared with the NS group, the F group had increased expression of GFAP in the spinal cord (P<0. 05). Compared with the F group, the DEX + F group showed decreased GFAP expression in the spinal cord ( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusion DEX may improve formaldehyde-induced acute inflammatory pain in mice by inhibiting the activation of astrocytes in the spinal cord.
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Objective To investigate the effect of environmental enrichment (EE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. Methods A total of thirty six 3 weeks old Kunming mice experienced 8 weeks of EE or standard environment (SE) feeding. After 8 weeks, they were divided into three groups: standard environment+ normal saline (SE+NS) group, standard environment+lipopolysaccharide (SE+LPS) group, environmental enrichment+ lipopolysaccharide (EE+LPS) group. The open field test was used to measure the locomotive of mice, and the cognitive function was determined by novelty object recognition test. The expression of microglial marker ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1) in hippocampus was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The expression of microglial activation marker CD68 and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome related protein in the hippocampus was detected by Western blotting. Results In the open field test, there was no difference in the activity among the three groups. Compared with the SE + NS group, SE + LPS group showed decreased discrimination ratio in novelty object recognition task, with remarkably up-regulated expression of CD68 in the hippocampus (P< 0. 01) . In addition, SE+LPS group exhibited significantly enhanced expression of NLRP3, apoptosis associated speck-like protein (ASC), Caspase-1 and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in the hippocampus compared with SE + NS group (P < 0. 05) . Compared with the SE + LPS group, EE+LPS group showed enhanced discrimination ratio in the object recognition task, with down-regulated expression of CD68, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 in the hippocampus (P < 0. 01) . Conclusion Environmental enrichment can alleviate LPS induced cognitive dysfunction, which might be attributed to the inhibiting of microglia and NLRP3 activation in the hippocampus.
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OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to investigate the expression patterns and relationship of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3B) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in oral leukoplakia (OLK) in smokers and never-smokers. This work also analyzed the relationship between smoking and the carcinogenic potential of OLK.@*METHODS@#Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of LC3B and mTOR in 120 patients with OLK. Clinical data from 120 smokers and never-smokers with OLK were analyzed. Subsequently, the relationships among LC3B and mTOR expression, clinical factors, and smoking were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Smoking and nonsmoking patients with OLK differed in terms of gender, age, lesion location, pathological typing, and carcinogenic situation. The positive rate of LC3B in never-smokers was higher than that in smokers. Whereas the positive rate of mTOR in smokers was higher than that in the corresponding never-smokers, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Smoking was positively correlated with the positive rate of mTOR (P<0.05), and had no significant correlation with LC3B expression. The positive rates of LC3B and mTOR were negatively correlated with the intensity of smoking (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The effect of smoking habits on OLK may be linked to the expression of proteins that are directly associated with autophagy.
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Animals , Humans , Autophagy , Leukoplakia, Oral , Microtubule-Associated Proteins , Smokers , TOR Serine-Threonine KinasesABSTRACT
To investigate the effect of Er-xian decoction on ovariectomy induced-learning and memory disability in rats based on the differences in hippocampus proteomic expression, the female rats were ovariectomized for perimenopausal status and then randomly divided into 3 groups, namely sham group, control group and Er-xian decoction group. The rats in sham group and control group were given normal saline by gavage everyday, the rats in Er-xian decoction group were given 12 g·kg⁻¹ of Er-xian decoction by gavage once a day. After treatment for 90 day, all of the animals were tested by Morris water maze, and all of the samples were collected for testing. The hippocampus proteins were detected by Nano-LC-LTQ-Orbitrap system, and identified by Protein Discovery software. The intensity of differential proteins were quantitated by SIEVE software，and the biological functions of protein were analyzed by DIVAD database. The results showed that Er-xian decoction could significantly improve the abilities of learning and memory. Compared with control group， 216 differential proteins with a consistent variation trend with the sham group were found in the Er-xian decoction group. And they mainly concentrated in calcium signaling pathway, Rab3A and Rab14 were key genes with the highest functional classification enrichment score in the gene group. Er-xian decoction could significantly improve the abilities of learning and memory in perimenopausal model rats. The invention effect of Er-xian decoction may be correlated with the calcium signaling pathway and Ras-related protein Rab-3A, and Ras-related protein Rab-14.
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OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to investigate the expression and relationship of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in normal oral mucosa, oral leukoplakia (OLK), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This work also analyzed the relationship between expression levels and clinical factors. This study evaluated the clinical value of LC3B and mTOR as indices to determine the carcinogenic potential of OLK.@*METHODS@#Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of LC3B and mTOR in 20 cases of normal oral mucosa, 120 cases of OLK, and 30 cases of OSCC. The clinical data of 120 patients with OLK were analyzed. The relationships between expression levels and clinical factors were investigated.@*RESULTS@#In normal oral mucosa, OLK and OSCC, the positive rates of LC3B expression were 85.0%, 65.8% and 33.3% (P<0.05), whereas the positive rates of mTOR expression were 20.0%, 48.3% and 76.7% (P<0.05). The expression levels of LC3B and mTOR were correlated and related to clinical typing of OLK (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#LC3B and mTOR can be used as molecular biomarkers for early detection of OLK.
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Humans , Biomarkers, Tumor , Metabolism , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Diagnosis , Metabolism , Leukoplakia, Oral , Diagnosis , Metabolism , Microtubule-Associated Proteins , Metabolism , Mouth Mucosa , Mouth Neoplasms , Diagnosis , Metabolism , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>Objective</b>To study the effect of Erxian Decoction (EXD) on oligospermia (OS) induced by cyclophosphamide in mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty 6-week-old male Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups of equal number, normal control, OS model control, and low-, medium- and high-dose EXD, the former two groups treated intragastrically with normal saline and the latter three with EXD at 3, 6 and 12 g per kg of the body weight qd for 30 days. From the 21st day of administration, the mice of the normal control group were injected intraperitoneally with saline and those of the other four groups with cyclophosphamide at 80 mg per kg of the body weight qd for 5 consecutive days. At 24 hours after the last gavage, the bilateral epididymides of the mice were collected and sperm suspension prepared for determination of the sperm count and motility, and the bilateral testes were harvested for histomorphological observation and measurement of the concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MAD) and glutathione (GSH) in the testis tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal controls, the mice of the OS model control group showed significant decreases in epididymal sperm concentration (［9.31 ± 1.32］ vs ［3.32 ± 1.13］×107/ml, P <0.01) and motility (［44.75 ± 8.12］% vs ［25.95 ± 11.41］， P<0.01) and the concentrations of SOD (［37.27 ± 0.99］ vs ［14.23 ± 1.99］ U/mg prot, P <0.01) and GSH (［101.55 ± 8.74］ vs ［58.77 ± 8.93］ μmol/L, P <0.01) but an obvious increase in the MDA level (［2.21 ± 0.65］ vs ［2.61 ± 0.15］ nmol/mg prot, P <0.05) in the testis tissue. In comparison with the OS model controls, the mice treated with low-, medium- and high-dose EXD exhibited significantly increased epididymal sperm concentration (［8.34 ± 2.59］, ［8.59 ± 1.10］ and ［8.41 ± 1.47］×107/ml) (P <0.01) and motility (［36.04 ± 12.33］%, ［38.87 ± 13.13］% and ［41.90 ± 8.09］%) (P <0.01) and concentrations of SOD (［22.99 ± 1.11］, ［20.82 ± 1.81］ and ［21.33 ± 1.66］ U/mg prot) (P <0.01) and GSH (［104.74 ± 2.47］, ［98.61 ± 12.98］ and ［108.89 ± 5.85］ μmol/L) (P <0.01) but decreased level of MDA (P <0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Erxian Decoction can improve cyclophosphamide-induced reduction of sperm concentration and motility, which might be associated with its abilities of resisting oxidation and reducing oxidative stress injury.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Cyclophosphamide , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Epididymis , Glutathione , Malondialdehyde , Oligospermia , Drug Therapy , Oxidative Stress , Random Allocation , Sperm Count , Sperm Motility , Physiology , Spermatozoa , Superoxide Dismutase , Testis , ChemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the relationship between the levels of plasma adrenaline and norepinephrine and gene polymorphism of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C in children with enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD).@*METHODS@#The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the expression of gene polymorphism of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C in vitro. The levels of plasma adrenaline and norepinephrine were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).@*RESULTS@#The plasma norepinephrine level of severe group was significantly higher than the mild group in children with EV71 infection in HFMD (P 0.05); There was no significant difference in the distribution of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C genotype and allele between EV71 infection group and healthy control group (P > 0.05). Further analysis of EV71 infection group by dividing it into mild and severe groups showed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of genotype and allele between these two groups as well (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in different genotypes of EV71 infection group (P > 0.05), and in the levels of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine in the mild and severe groups (P > 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#As the disease gets worse, the plasma norepinephrine level has a rising trend in children with EV71 infection in HFMD, which is an important indicator to evaluate the progress of the disease. However, the gene polymorphism of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C have no significant correlation, not only with the susceptibility and severity of EV71 infection in hand, foot and mouth disease, but also with the levels of catecholamine.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between the levels of plasma adrenaline and norepinephrine and gene polymorphism of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C in children with enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Methods The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the expression of gene polymorphism of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C in vitro. The levels of plasma adrenaline and norepinephrine were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The plasma norepinephrine level of severe group was significantly higher than the mild group in children with EV71 infection in HFMD (P 0.05); There was no significant difference in the distribution of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C genotype and allele between EV71 infection group and healthy control group (P > 0.05). Further analysis of EV71 infection group by dividing it into mild and severe groups showed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of genotype and allele between these two groups as well (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in different genotypes of EV71 infection group (P > 0.05), and in the levels of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine in the mild and severe groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions As the disease gets worse, the plasma norepinephrine level has a rising trend in children with EV71 infection in HFMD, which is an important indicator to evaluate the progress of the disease. However, the gene polymorphism of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C have no significant correlation, not only with the susceptibility and severity of EV71 infection in hand, foot and mouth disease, but also with the levels of catecholamine.
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In patients with moyamoya disease (MMD),the process of progressive stenosis and occlusion of the intracranial principal artery is also a process of establishing collateral circulation.The clinical features and prognosis of MMD largely depend on the establishment and compensation of cerebral collateral circulation.With the development of medical imaging technique,the evaluation of structures and functions of collateral circulation has become increasingly accurate and varied.An appropriate grading and evaluation may help to assess the clinical outcomes after a stroke,and in direct individualization of treatment regimens.This article reviews cerebral collateral circulation in MMD,focusing on the conception,anatomy and clinical importance.
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This experiment was mainly aimed to investigate the effect of Er-xian decoction on osteoporosis and the femur proteomics in ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis. The female SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, Alendronate group (1 mg•kg⁻¹), Er-xian decoction group (in dose of 8 g•kg⁻¹) according to their weight. The rats in sham operation group and model group were gavaged with normal saline; the rats in Alendronate group were gavaged with the Alendronate at the dose of 1 mg•kg⁻¹ and the rats in Er-xian decoction group were gavaged with Er-xian decoction at the dose of 8 g•kg⁻¹, once a day for continuous 90 days. Then the femoral bone mineral density (BMD) was detected. The femoral bone proteins were detected by NanoLC-LTQ-Orbitrap system, identified by Protein Discovery software, and the intensity of differentially expressed proteins were quantitated by SIEVE software. The results showed that Er-xian decoction could significantly improve femoral BMD in ovariectomized rats. As compared with model group, 41 differentially expressed proteins whose variation trend was consistent with the sham operation group, were found in Er-xian decoction group, mainly including biological oxidation related protein, signal transduction pathway related protein, proteins involved in aliphatic acid metabolism, cytoskeleton related protein, proteins involved in energy metabolism, and proteins involved in glucose metabolism etc. The osteoporosis could be prevented and cured by Er-xian decoction. The differentially expressed proteins such as carbonic anhydrase 2 and integrin β1 may be the action targets for Er-xian decoction.
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A review of cell traction forces (CTFs) measurement based on Biological MiCro Electromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) microposts matrix is presented.CTFs are exerted by cells and ansmitted to the underly-ing substrate through focal adhesions and close contacts.which is essential for cells movement.Cells probe the mechanicaI compliance of the exlracellular mabix (ECM) in part by locally deforming it with nanonewton-scale traction forces.Precision measurement of CTFs is significant for many researches such as call biology and tissue engineering and so on.Enabled by the advancement in BioMEMS technology,surface treated high aspeect ratio Polydimethyisiloxane(PDMS)micropos matrix devices,which serve as BioMEMS sensom for de-tecting cellular nanoforces and studying in vitro cell mechanics,have been developed.Closely spaced vartical microposts matrixes were designed to encourage cells to attach and spread across multiple microposts,and to bend the microposts like vertical cantilevers as the cells locomote on the surface.Using this dense and dis-crete matrix of microposts rather than a convanfional continuous substrate,CTFs can be directly measured and quantified by processing the microscopy images of the deformations of microposts.The resolution of the force was in tens of nN/μm scale.At first,the conventional CTFs measurement methods were concisely summa-rized.Then BioMEMS microposts matrix method was described in detail,including principle and fabfication process,Surface treatment and cell expedment results.Furthermore,high aspect ratio structure collapse prob-lem was investigated.
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A review of cell traction forces (CTFs) measurement based on Biological MiCro Electromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) microposts matrix is presented.CTFs are exerted by cells and ansmitted to the underly-ing substrate through focal adhesions and close contacts.which is essential for cells movement.Cells probe the mechanicaI compliance of the exlracellular mabix (ECM) in part by locally deforming it with nanonewton-scale traction forces.Precision measurement of CTFs is significant for many researches such as call biology and tissue engineering and so on.Enabled by the advancement in BioMEMS technology,surface treated high aspeect ratio Polydimethyisiloxane(PDMS)micropos matrix devices,which serve as BioMEMS sensom for de-tecting cellular nanoforces and studying in vitro cell mechanics,have been developed.Closely spaced vartical microposts matrixes were designed to encourage cells to attach and spread across multiple microposts,and to bend the microposts like vertical cantilevers as the cells locomote on the surface.Using this dense and dis-crete matrix of microposts rather than a convanfional continuous substrate,CTFs can be directly measured and quantified by processing the microscopy images of the deformations of microposts.The resolution of the force was in tens of nN/μm scale.At first,the conventional CTFs measurement methods were concisely summa-rized.Then BioMEMS microposts matrix method was described in detail,including principle and fabfication process,Surface treatment and cell expedment results.Furthermore,high aspect ratio structure collapse prob-lem was investigated.
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Objective To investigate risk factors for the progress of subclinical atherosclerosis (AS)in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics with muhifactorial intervention.Methods One hundred and fifty- six patients of type 2 diabetes,aged 35～70 years,with course of less than one year and without subclinical AS,were observed prospectively.After two-year intervention based on anti-platelet therapy integrated with intensive control of blood glucose,blood lipid,blood pressure and body weight,dynamic changes in all metabolic indicators and subclinical AS in the patients and differences between those with subclinical AS and without it were analyzed to study the risk factors for its progress by logistic regression analysis.Results There were no significant differences in intima-medial thickness(IMT)of common carotid artery(CCA) and femoral artery(FA)in the patients between baseline and two years after intervention,but those in them were significantly increased two years after intervention than those one year after intervention(P＜0.O1). Two years after intervention,increased IMT or atherosclerotic plaques could be found in 45 of 156 patients (28.8%),significantly higher than those one year after intervention(11.5%,P＜0.01).Levels of glycosylated hemoglobin Alc(HbAlc),total cholersterol(TC),high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)and HOMA-insulin resistance(IR)showed an increased trend two years after intervention,as compared with those one year after intervention(P＜0.01).Proportions of those with normal level of HbAlc two years after intervention was significantly lower than that one year after intervention(P＜0.01). Proportions of those with normal level of HbAlc and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C)were significantly lower in patients with subclinical AS than those without it two years after intervention(P＜0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that relative risk(RR)for subclinical AS could reduce by 83% with normal level of LDL-C and 59% by normal HbAlc,respectively,but there was an 82% increase in RR for it with an increase of age by ten years.Conclusions Subclinical AS could not be absolutely prevented in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics after two-year intensive multifactorial intervention.Subclinical AS could present a progressive trend with time,as well as levels of blood glucose and blood lipid.Levels of LDL-C and HbAlc,as well as age,were major risk factors for occurrence of subclinical AS in patients with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes.