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ObjectiveTo explore the content difference of gallic acid，protocatechuic acid，catechin，total flavonoids， and total polysaccharides in Cynomorii Herba between different producing areas and the correlation between effective components and environmental factors. MethodNinety-five batches of Cynomorii Herba samples were collected from 12 major producing areas in five provinces （autonomous regions）， including Gansu，Inner Mongolia，Xinjiang，Qinghai， and Ningxia，and the geographical-climatic factors such as altitude，longitude and latitude，climate type，annual average frost-free period，annual rainfall，annual sunshine hours，annual average temperature， and annual average evaporation were recorded. The content of gallic acid，protocatechuic acid， and catechin in Cynomorii Herba was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC），and the mathematical model of the correlation between the content of chemical components and environmental factors was optimized and established. ResultPearson correlation analysis showed that protocatechuic acid content in Cynomorii Herba increased with the increase in annual average frost-free period and annual average temperature， and catechin content increased with the increase in the annual average frost-free period，annual sunshine hours， and annual average evaporation，while total polysaccharides content decreased with the increase in altitude. Redundancy analysis （RDA） showed that the annual average frost-free period， annual average evaporation，annual sunshine hours， and altitude had great influences on the content of effective components in Cynomorii Herba. Curve fitting showed that the optimal conditions for the growth of Cynomorii Herba were as follows： altitude of 800-2 000 m，annual average frost-free period of 80-110 d， annual rainfall of 110-300 mm，annual sunshine hours of 2 400-3 000 h， annual average temperature of 2.2-8.8 ℃，and annual average evaporation of 1 700-2 500 mm. ConclusionThe content of effective components in Cynomorii Herba is diverse in terms of producing areas and shows a clear response rule to environmental factors. The areas suitable for growing and artificial cultivation introduction are those with high altitude，short annual average frost-free period，low annual rainfall，large average evaporation，long sunshine hours， and low annual average temperature.
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Objective::To establish a pre-column derivatization reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of 17 amino acids in Cynomorii Herba from different producing areas and conduct a multivariate statistical analysis. Method::RP-HPLC with pre-column derivatization was employed, with phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) as derivatization reagent. Separation was performed on a WondaSil C18-WR column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm), with 0.05 mol·L-1 sodium acetate solution (pH 6.5) as mobile phase A, and acetonitrile-methanol-water (3∶1∶1) as mobile phase B for gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min-1. The detective wave length was set at 254 nm, and the column temperature was maintained at 35 ℃. Principal component analysis (PCA) and systematic cluster analysis (HCA) models were established for multivariate statistical analysis and quality evaluation. Result::17 Kinds of amino acid were detected in Cynomorii Herba, 7 of which were essential amino acids. The 17 amino acids showed good linearity in respective concentration range, r = 0.999 0-0.999 9.The average recoveries were between 98.03%-103.89%with RSD<3.5%. The results of PCA and HCA were basically the same, and both methods can be used to clearly distinguish Cynomorii Herba from 12 municipal producing areas into 6 regions. PCA can be used to classify Cynomorii Herba according to different municipal or provincial production areas, and HCA can be used to classify it according to provincial production areas. It showed that the amino acid contents in Cynomorii Herba from different municipal and provincial producing areas had differences, and the content distribution showed obvious geographical clustering characteristics. PCA showed that Cynomorii Herba from Gansu province and Inner Mongolia had higher amino acid contents and better quality as compared with other producing areas. Conclusion::The established method can be used for content determination of 17 amino acids in Cynomorii Herba from different producing areas, and provide a reference for its comprehensive quality evaluation.
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Objective: To realize the classification and identification of Cynomorii Herba from different producing areas based on fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemometrics. Method: FTIR spectrum data of 106 batches of Cynomorii Herba from 12 cities in 5 provinces were collected by transmission method and preprocessed. The FTIR fingerprints of Cynomorii Herba were established, and spectrum analysis was performed. The FTIR similarities of Cynomorii Herba from different producing areas were calculated by correlation coefficient method. The first derivative (1D) spectrum of average FTIR of Cynomorii Herba from different producing areas were obtained. The soft independent modeling of class analog (SIMCA) model based on principal component analysis (PCA) was established by the preprocessed 1D spectrum data. The orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) model was established by top 6 principal components. Result: The FTIR fingerprint trend and main absorption peaks of Cynomorii Herba from different producing areas were basically the same,and 16 common characteristic absorption peaks were recognized. Similarity and 1D spectrum of FTIR fingerprint of Cynomorii Herba from different producing areas showed significant and unique characteristics. The established SIMCA model can realize the classification and identification of Cynomorii Herba from different provinces,while OPLS model can realize accurate classification and identification of Cynomorii Herba in different cities. The classification and identification of Cynomorii Herba from 12 city producing areas showed obvious geographical clustering characteristics. Conclusion: The established method based on FTIR and chemometrics can realize the classification and identification of Cynomorii Herba from 12 cities.
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Objective To study the FT-IR fingerprint characteristics of Hedysari Radix from 8 producing counties in Gansu Province; To provide references for identification and application of Hedysari Radix in different producing counties. Methods FT-IR fingerprints of 110 batches of Hedysari Radix from 8 producing counties in Gansu Province were collected in the wave number range of 4000–400 cm-1. The common pattern of the fingerprints were analyzed, and the similarity analysis were used to analyze the FT-IR fingerprints of Hedysari Radix from 8 producing counties. The FT-IR fingerprint characteristics of Hedysari Radix from 8 producing counties in Gansu Province were compared. Results The rank of average similarity of FT-IR fingerprints of Hedysari Radix from 8 producing counties was Tanchang County > Li County > Xihe County > Wudu District > Zhang County > Min County > Longxi County >Weiyuan County, and Hedysari Radix from Longxi County and Weiyuan County were very different from other producing counties. The FT-IR fingerprints of Hedysari Radix from Longnan City (Tanchang County, Li County, Xihe County and Wudu District) were similar, and the average similarity was relatively high; while that from Dingxi City (Zhang County, Min County, Longxi County and Weiyuan County) were similar, and the average similarity was relatively low. Hedysari Radix from every producing county had a significant and unique FT-IR fingerprint characteristic. Conclusion The identification and application of Hedysari Radix from 8 producing counties in Gansu Province can be realized according to FT-IR fingerprint characteristics.
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Objective To explore the relationship between the volatile components in Angelicae Sinensis Radix from different regions of Gansu Province and its growing environment with metabolomics based on GC-MS. Methods The GC-MS method was used for detecting the volatile components in Angelicae Sinensis Radix from 31 different regions in Gansu province, and principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) methods were used for analyzing and evaluating its relationship with the growing environment. Results The results of PCA showed that the volatile components in Angelicae Sinensis Radix from different regions in Gansu province were related to the altitude and the soil types. The PLS method could divide 31 samples of Angelicae Sinensis Radix from different regions in Gansu Province into three groups according to the difference of altitude. There were significant differences in the volatile components in the samples taken at different altitude regions. After analyzing linear loading plots from PCA and PLS, 11 charateristic components were screened out, including 7 compounds were identified by the retrieval of NIST11 database. Conclusion The volatile components in Angelicae Sinensis Radix from different regions in Gansu Province are closely related to the altitude and the soil type.
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Aim To investigate the effect of Aesculus hippocastanum seed extract(AH) on concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute liver injury in mice,and to ex-plore whether the mechanism was related to the inhibi-tory effect of AH on oxidative stress and c-Jun N-termi-nal kinase (JNK). Methods ConA(20 mg·kg-1) was administered via tail vein injecting to induce he-patic damage in mice. The groups of AH were given at 12.5,25,50 mg·kg-1by oral gavage separately for 20 days. The serum levels of AST,ALT,TP,and Alb were determined by automatic biochemical analyzer and the A/G ratio was calculated. TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were assayed by ELISA. The liver tissue was attained by HE and the histopathological changes were calculat-ed. The MDA, SOD, GSH contents of liver tissues were assayed by related kits. The activity of caspase-3 was detected by spectrophotometry. The expressions of cytochrome C and Bax, Bcl-2, p-JNK and p-Akt were detected by Western blot. Results The serum levels of ALT, AST, IFN-γ and TNF-α in AH groups were significantly lower than those in ConA-injured group, while the levels of TP,Alb and A/G were significantly higher. The SOD and GSH levels of liver tissues signif-icantly increased and MDA level decreased; liver his-topathological changes were consistent with those of the serological indicators, and AH treatment significantly reduced the pathological damage induced by ConA. In AH group,the expression of cytochrome C,caspase-3, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and p-JNK markedly decreased, while the expression of p-Akt protein increased compared with ConA model group. Conclusion AH could sig-nificantly protect the ConA-induced acute liver injury in mice via inhibition of ROS and JNK pathway.
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Objective To investigate the correlation between mineral elements in soil and quality of Angelica sinensis.