Simultaneous determination of quercetin, kaempferide, and isorhamnetin in Anoectochilus roxburghii from Fujian by RP-HPLC / 中草药

Objective: To establish a method for determining the contents of quercetin, kaempferide, and isorhamnetin in Anoectochilus roxburghii and to provide scientific method for quality control of A. roxburghii and its related products. Methods: HPLC was used. Using Lanbo-Kromasil-C18 column, with methanol -0.2% phosphoric acid solution (50:50) as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 360 nm, flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and column temperature was 30 ℃. Results: Quercetin, kaempferide, and isorhamnetin showed a good linear relationship in the range of 11.0-165.6 (r = 1.0000), 11.4-170.4 (r = 0.9998), and 10.4-156.0 ng (r = 0.9995). The average recoveries of quercetin, kaempferide, and isorhamnetin were 97.69% (RSD = 1.1%, n = 9), 95.09% (RSD = 1.6%, n = 9), and 95.86% (RSD = 1.7%, n = 9). Conclusion: The method is simple, rapid, accurate, reproducible, and can be used as an ideal method for quality control.

AIDS-related knowledge among adult males in Chongqing City / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate AIDS-related knowledge among adult men in Chongqing City, and provide some evidence for AIDS-related health education.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using the randomized multistage stratified cluster sampling method, we investigated AIDS-related knowledge among the adult males in Chongqing City.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 1502 adult men, those who knew the three major transmitting routes of AIDS (blood-borne, vertical transmission and sexual contact) constituted 85.35, 83.16 and 66.11%, respectively, and 22.70% did not know the proper use of condoms. Those who thought that AIDS could be transmitted by mosquito bite, kissing, dining together, handshake or embracing made up 54.86, 50.6, 30.29 and 19.11%, respectively. The floating population scored significantly lower than the resident population in total AIDS knowledge, HIV transmission knowledge and HIV non-transmission knowledge (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>AIDS-related knowledge among the adult men in Chongqing City needs to be improved by enhancing targeted AIDS-related health education.</p>

Measurement of articular cartilage in water based on nanoindentation method / 医用生物力学

Objective To study mechanical properties of the microstructure of the articular cartilage with biological activity by nanoindentation tests under the condition of keeping the articular cartilage in water. Methods The different abilities to keep in situ mechanical properties of the articular cartilage with cold mosaic method or with moisturizing method were evaluated by experiments, and the mechanical properties of the microstructure of the articular cartilage in different kinds of solution used in moisturizing method were also obtained. Results The experiment showed that the elastic modulus on the cartilage surface layer with cold mosaic method was much higher than that with moisturizing method, and the elastic modulus on the cartilage surface and deep layer in chitosan and saline were much lower than that in distilled water. Conclusions The moisturizing method is better at preserving in situ mechanical properties and biological activity of the biological materials, and chitosan and saline are proved to have the effect of keeping mechanical properties of the cartilage used in moisturizing method.

Tracing the sources of newly reported HIV infections in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To trace and provide HIV-testing among those having contacts with HIV-infected individuals at various levels in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province and to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of such investigation as a supplemental strategy for HIV testing and control. Methods Newly reported HIV infections from August throughout October in Dehong prefecture, in 2008 were asked to provide contact information of persons whom they had high risk contacts with. Persons having had risk contacts with HIV-infected cases were hereof interviewed and their blood tested on the sero-status of HIV. Results A total of 335 HIV cases were newly reported during this three-month period. A total of 309 cases of them and 148 HIV infections identified thereafter from their risk contacts were under informed consent, to participate in this study. A total number of 3395 risk contacts were reported, of whom only 20.7% (704/3395) had 'contact information' and 51.3% (361/704) were successfully located and interviewed, including 117 previously confirmed HIV infections and 244 people with unknown HIV status. The majority of them (203 or 83.2% of 244) were then tested for HIV and 56(27.6% of 203) were tested positive for HIV. The proportion of having detailed contact information and the proportion of being traced or followed among reported risk contacts of HIV infections were 68.8% and 68.2% for spouses of HIV patients, respectively, which were much higher than those among commercial sex partners (1.2% and 16.7%), casual sex partners (37.3% and 22.3% ) and peers who sharing needles (34.1% and 56.4% ). Conclusion Newly reported HIV infections reported a large number of risk contacts and new HIV infections were identified among them. It was extremely difficult to trace commercial sex partners or casual sex partners on their HIV infection status. Nevertheless, tracing the risk contacts of newly reported HIV infections seemed to be helpful in identifying new HIV infections and in understanding the nature of transmission towards controlling the HIV epidemics.

Incidence and risk factors on HIV infection among injection drug users in Dehong prefecture area of Yunnan province / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the incidence and risk factors on HIV infection among injection drug users (IDU) in Dehong prefecture area of Yunnan province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An epidemiological cohort of HIV-negative IDU had been developed and followed since October, 2004. HIV new infections and related behaviors had been investigated every six months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>By the end of 2008, 760 HIV-negative IDU had been recruited and followed for a total of 1153.6 person-years. 47 new HIV infections were identified, with an overall incidence of 4.07/100 person-years during the follow-up period. The HIV incidence was 4.45/100 person-years during 2004 - 2006, 4.50/100 person-years in 2007 and 2.54/100 person-years in 2008. Both the behavior of drug injection and the HIV incidence among the cohort had substantially decreased during the follow-up period. Multiple regression analysis using Cox proportional hazard model indicated that people with Jing-po ethnicity (Hazard ratio, HR = 2.56, 95%CI: 1.06 - 6.19) and other minorities except for Dai (HR = 3.26, 95%CI: 0.89 - 11.96) were at higher risk for HIV infection than the people with Han ethnicity. People injecting drugs with (HR = 2.27, 95%CI: 0.98 - 5.25) or without (HR = 5.27, 95%CI: 2.25 - 12.34) needle sharing were at higher risk for HIV infection than those reporting having no drug injection behavior during the follow-up period.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both the behavior of drug injection and the HIV incidence among former IDU in Dehong prefecture area of Yunnan province had been decreasing during the four years. However, needle sharing remained the most important risk factor for HIV new infection among IDUs. IDUs with different ethnicities seemed to have different risks towards HIV infection.</p>

Influence of delayed rapid fluid resuscitation on oxygen metabolism in dogs with burn shock / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of delayed rapid fluid resuscitation on oxygen metabolism in dogs with burn shock.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-four mongrel dogs inflicted with 40% TBSA full thickness scald were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into burn control (C), delayed even fluid replacement (E), and delayed rapid fluid replacement (R) groups, with 8 dogs in each group. The changes in oxygen delivery (DO(2)), oxygen consumption (VO(2)), oxygen extraction (O(2)ext) and blood base deficit (BD), and lactate (LA) were determined before scalding and at 2, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 post scalding hours (PSHs).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The DO(2) in each group was decreased obviously after scalding and was evidently lower than that before injury (P < 0.01), while the O(2)ext value markedly increased compared with that before scalding (P < 0.01). After fluid resuscitation, DO(2) and VO(2) in E and R groups increased, but O(2)ext decreased. The values of DO(2), VO(2) and O(2)ext showed significant differences between R and E groups at 8 PSH (R group vs E group, DO(2): 7.35 +/- 0.21 L.min(-1).m(2) vs 5.32 +/- 0.96 L.min(-1).m(2), P < 0.01; VO(2): 2.02 +/- 0.58 L.min(-1).m(2) vs 1.71 +/- 0.38 L.min(-1).m(2), P < 0.01); The blood BD levels in each group were remarkably lower after scald than that before scald (P < 0.01), and they gradually increased after fluid replacement. The blood BD level in R group at 8 PSH (-6.5 +/- 0.7 mmol/L) was obviously higher than that in E group (-9.3 +/- 1.4 mmol/L, P < 0.01). The blood LA level in each group were evidently higher than that before scald (P < 0.01), and they decreased after fluid replacement. The blood LA level in R group at 8 PSH (2.30 +/- 0.20 mmol/L) was obviously lower than that in E group (2.67 +/- 0.30 mmol/L, P < 0.01)</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Rapid fluid replacement could improve tissue oxygen metabolism, which was beneficial to the correction of tissue oxygen supply when fluid resuscitation was delayed.</p>

Establishment of a canine model of severe smoke inhalation injury on unilateral lung / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a canine model of severe smoke inhalation injury on unilateral lung, in order to observe the pathomorphological changes in the injured lung within 24 postburn hours (PBHs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty five mongrel dogs were employed in the study and randomized into 3 groups. The left lung was injured by inhaling smoke produced by burning sawdust with sparing the right lung with a breathing tube in 10 dogs in group A. A conventional model of smoke inhalation injury to bilateral lungs was reproduced in 8 dogs in group B, and dogs in group C not subjected to smoke inhalation served as controls. Hemodynamic changes, blood gas analysis and the pathophysiologic changes in the lungs were observed within 24 PBHs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All of the dogs in groups A and C survived. Hemodynamic indices in the dogs in groups A and C remained stable without showing signs of systemic hypoxia. The arterial oxygen partial pressure in dogs of group A was 65 +/- 5 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation in the mixed blood was 0.64 +/- 0.04 at 24 PBHs, and they were much lower than those in group C but higher than those in group B. The pathological changes in the injured side of the lungs in group A were similar to those in group B with high consistency, and the changes, though milder, could also be identified in the contralateral uninjured lung. Five dogs died in the group B within 24 hours after smoke inhalation and the survivors showed signs of multiple organ failure.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The canine model of acute severe unilateral pulmonary smoke inhalation injury was reproduced reliably, and could be an ideal model for the study on smoke inhalation injury.</p>

The significance of the change of the subfractions in existence of the pulmonary surfactant in rabbits with smoke inhalation injury during early postburn stage / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the change of the subfractions in existence (big and small polymers) of pulmonary surfactant (PS) and their influence on the decrease in PS activity during early postburn stage.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty rabbits were employed in the study and were randomly divided into pre-burn, 0.5 postburn hour (PBH), 2 PBH, 6 PBH and 12 PBH groups with 8 in each group. The BALF (bronchial alveolar lavage fluid) was harvested from each rabbit. The BALF samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant (small polymer) and precipitation (big polymer) were harvested for the determination of the contents of the total phospholipids, lecithin, total protein, and albumin in both polymers.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with those in pre-burn group, the above chemical contents of PS in big polymer exhibited no change after burn (P > 0.05), but the contents of albumin and total protein increased obviously in small polymer (P < 0.01). In addition, all the contents in the small polymer increased with the elapse of time. The percentage of lecithin in total phospholipids in small polymers decreased along with the passage of time. The pre-burn contents of total phospholipids, lecithin, TP, albumin, and the percentage of lecithin in total phospholipid in small polymer were (2.23 +/- 0.40),(1.54 +/- 0.11), (16.67 +/- 1.34), (3.65 +/- 0.15) mg/ml and (77.2 +/- 3.7)%, respectively. The above indices in small polymer were (3.15 +/- 0.30), (1.77 +/- 0.08), (106.59 +/- 5.50), (11.21 +/- 0.92) mg/ml and (57.2 +/- 3.5)% respectively at 6PBH.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The ratio of small to big polymers increased obviously, which might be an important factor in inducing the decrease in PS activity during early postburn stage leading finally to pulmonary injury.</p>

The changes in the pulmonary surface tension and the tissue content of surfactant substance protein B during early post-injury stage in rabbits inflicted with smoke inhalation injury / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the changes in the pulmonary surface tension and the tissue content of surfactant substance protein B (SP-B) in rabbits during early post-injury stage after smoke inhalation injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-two healthy rabbits inflicted with smoke inhalation injury were employed in the study as injury group, and they were sacrificed at 0.5, 2.0, 6.0, 12.0 post injury hours (PIH), with 8 rabbits at each time point. Another 8 rabbits were assigned to normal control group. The pulmonary tissue samples of the rabbits in each group were harvested for the collection of bronchial-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The changes in maximal tension (Tmax), minimal tension (Tmin) and hysteresis square (HS) of BALF were measured after the addition of 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 ml of SP-B antibody into the BALF of the rabbits in each group. The changes in SP-B and SP-B mRNA contents in rabbit pulmonary tissue of each group were assessed with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no obvious difference in Tmax in BALF of each group or at each time point before and after the action of different concentrations of SP-B antibody in BALF (P > 0.05). But the Tmin in injury group at 2, 6 and 12 PIH was much higher than that before the addition of the antibody (P < 0.05). And the change in HS was similar to that in Tmin. The SP-B content in alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT-II) was decreased significantly at 2, 6 and 12 PIH, whereas the expression in SP-B mRNA exhibited no change.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There was no obvious change in SP-B synthesis by AT-II in the lung tissue of the rabbits inflicted with smoke inhalation injury during early post injury stage. The increase of SP-B secretion from AT-II cells might be beneficial to the early protection of pulmonary tissue of the rabbits with smoke inhalation injury.</p>

Pathomorphologic changes in rat lungs after being perfused with the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the dogs inflicted by smoke inhalation injury at early post-injury stage / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the biological activities of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) harvested from dogs with smoke inhalation injury at early post injury stage.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>BALF was harvested from normal dogs and those inflicted by smoke inhalation injury for the employment in the study. Ninety four Wistar rats were employed in the study and were randomly divided into A (n=28), B (n=29) and C (n=37) groups. The rats were perfused intra-tracheally with normal saline, BALF from normal dog and BALF from injured dog, respectively in A, B and C groups. Every 7 rats in each group were used before the perfusion as normal control. The rats in control group and those in A, B and C groups at 4, 12 and 24 hours after BALF perfusion were sacrificed. The survival rate and the pathomorphological gross and microscopic changes in pulmonary tissue in all groups were observed. In addition, the contents of prostaglandin F1alpha/thromboxane B2 (PGF1alpha/TXB2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in pulmonary tissue homogenization and the pulmonary capillary permeability were determined simultaneously.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the rats in A and B groups survived, but nine in C group died before sacrificing. The BALF from dogs inflicted by smoke inhalation injury could cause rat lung exhibiting pathomorphological changes similar to those in rats inhaling smoke directly. The rat pulmonary tissue contents of PGF1alpha/TXB2 in A and B groups after the perfusion tended to increase, while that in C group decreased gradually (P <0.01). The rat pulmonary tissue contents of TNF-alpha and MPO content in A and B groups after the perfusion revealed no obvious change (P >0.05), while those in C group increased evidently at 4 hour after the perfusion and decreased thereafter (P <0.05-0.01). The pulmonary capillary permeability in C group was higher than that in A and B groups at 4 hour after the perfusion (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The BALF from canine lungs during the early stage of inhalation injury exhibited biological activities. The primary and secondary pulmonary injury could be prevented or ameliorated by massive pulmonary lavage during early post injury stage after smoke inhalation injury.</p>

Role of BALF from dogs with acute severe smoke inhalation injury in ind ucing lung injury of normal rats / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To investigate the existence, intensit y and persisting time of biologic activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF ) collected from dogs with acute severe smoke inhalation injury in early post-i njury stage. Methods　BALF was collected 1 h after the est ablishment of acute severe sawdust smoke inhalation injury in 5 dogs, and the fl uid was perfused into the lungs of Wistar rats in the amount of 5 ml/kg (gro up C). Normal saline (group A) and BALF from normal dog (group B) were perfused into the lungs of rats and served as control. The respiratory rate, PaO2, lung water content and the expanding stability of lungs in all rats were determ ined at the time points of 4,12 and 24 h after the purfusion. Results　 Compared with the rats in group A and B, the rats in group C had higher mortality, wider range in RR, higher lung water content, PaO2 decreased obviou sly and lower lung expanding stability. The rats in control groups showed sl i ght mechanic obstruction in their airways in the course of experiment. Meanwhile ，the rats in group C showed higher oxidative activities and lower total anti-o xidative activities in lung tissues. Conclusion　It is certai n that the BALF collected from dogs with acute severe smoke inhalation injury in early post-injury stage could induce obvious injury in lung structure of norma l rats, showing certain mechanic obstruction in small airways. The injuring act ivity of the BALF can be alleviated ultimately 24 h after the perfusion of the B ALF.

ffect of early massive bronchoalveolar lavage on contralateral lung in dogs with acute serious smoke inhalation injury to unilateral lung / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To study the effect of acute serious smoke inhalation injury to unilateral lung on contralateral lung and the therapeutic efficacy of massive bronchoscopic lavage with saline to the primary injured bronchoalveolus at early stage after smoke inhalation on mitigating the secondary damage of the other lung and so as to confirm the therapeutic validity of lung lavage to smoke inhalation injury. Methods　Fifteen mongrel dogs were insufflated with sawdust smoke into left lung and then randomized into 2 groups. The dogs in group A were maintained intravenous glucose saline transfusion and breathed air freely for 24 h after injury. Those in group B received a massive bronchoscopic lavage with 250 ml of saline to injured lung at 1 hour after injury and then were administrated similarly to those in group A. Gas exchange function of bilateral lungs in the process were observed and pathologic and phyiopathologic changes of the lung specimen were examined after the process. Results　While the total lavaging volume was kept to 250 ml, the liquid volume remained in left lung after each operating was from 90 ml to 140 ml. All animals had a significant decline in pulmonary function after smoke inhalation injury. PaO2 in group B decreased significantly soon after the lavage and then increased gradually to exceeding that in group A. The left lung showed serious edema similarly in two groups but in right lung the water content was less, dynamic and static compliance was more in group B than in group A. Conclusion　Bronchoalveolar massive lavage at early post-injury stage to injured lung after unilateral lung smoke inhalation injury can mitigate secondary damage of the non-injured lung. Lung lavage can decrease the intensity of secondary systemic inflammatory reaction and show a therapeutic validity to smoke inhalation injury.

Analyses on 959 cases of inhalation injury / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To review the experience in the management of burned patients inflicted by inhalation injury in our institute in the past 42 years. Methods　Patients with inhalation injury were analyzed chronically in three different periods as 1958 to 1980, 1981 to 1990, and 1991 to 2000. Results　The mortality rates in general and in terms of different degrees decreased obviously with the elapse of time. In other words, the rates were 48.93%, 26.60% and 8.53 for the above three periods. Conclusion　The mortality of inhalation injury was decreased dramatically during the last decade in our institute. Five main measures consisting of inhalation of high concentration or pure oxygen, preventive tracheotomy, frequent tracheal lavage with small amount of lavage fluid at early stage of postburn, mechanical ventilation with PEEP and humidification as early as possible, and application of exogenous pulmonary surfactant contribute greatly to the decrement of death rate in the patients with inhalation injury.

Study on the safety of massive lung lavage to dogs after acute serious smoke inhalation / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To explore the feasibility and safety of massive lung lavage to dogs in the early stage after acute serious smoke inhalation. Methods　A total of 16 dogs were inflicted with smoke inhaled injury and then divided into group A (n=5) without lung lavage, group B (n=6) in which left lung lavage was followed by lavage on the right 30 min later, and group C (n=5) in which the interval of the lavages on the left and right lung was 4 h. Massive lung lavage was carried out in 1 h after the injury under the guiding fiberoptic bronchoscopy and a special ventilation jet was served to supply enough oxygen to the dogs. The stability of pulmonary function and blood circulation were observed at different time points in every group. Results　The average operating time of unilateral lung lavage was about 15 minuted and the liquid volume left in every lung after operation was from 100 ml to 140 ml when the total lavaging volume was kept in 250 ml. The changes of hemodynamic parameters were identical in Group B and Group C. Inhalation injury had certain negative effect while lung lavage almost had no effect on the blood circulation of the animals in 2 lavage groups. No serious cardiac arrythemia was found in them during the lavaging. Pulmonary function in Group C was better than that in Group B but worse than that in Group A. In the 2 lavaging groups, PaO2 remained higher than 9.33 kPa（FiO2=0.4）during and after the lavaging. Conclusion The ventilation mode and the lavage method introduced here ensure the safety of massive lung lavage in dogs with acute smoke serious inhalation injury.

Role of BALF from dogs with acute severe smoke inhalation injury in ind ucing lung injury of normal rats / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To investigate the existence, intensit y and persisting time of biologic activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF ) collected from dogs with acute severe smoke inhalation injury in early post-i njury stage. Methods　BALF was collected 1 h after the est ablishment of acute severe sawdust smoke inhalation injury in 5 dogs, and the fl uid was perfused into the lungs of Wistar rats in the amount of 5 ml/kg (gro up C). Normal saline (group A) and BALF from normal dog (group B) were perfused into the lungs of rats and served as control. The respiratory rate, PaO2, lung water content and the expanding stability of lungs in all rats were determ ined at the time points of 4,12 and 24 h after the purfusion. Results　 Compared with the rats in group A and B, the rats in group C had higher mortality, wider range in RR, higher lung water content, PaO2 decreased obviou sly and lower lung expanding stability. The rats in control groups showed sl i ght mechanic obstruction in their airways in the course of experiment. Meanwhile ，the rats in group C showed higher oxidative activities and lower total anti-o xidative activities in lung tissues. Conclusion　It is certai n that the BALF collected from dogs with acute severe smoke inhalation injury in early post-injury stage could induce obvious injury in lung structure of norma l rats, showing certain mechanic obstruction in small airways. The injuring act ivity of the BALF can be alleviated ultimately 24 h after the perfusion of the B ALF.

ffect of early massive bronchoalveolar lavage on contralateral lung in dogs with acute serious smoke inhalation injury to unilateral lung / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To study the effect of acute serious smoke inhalation injury to unilateral lung on contralateral lung and the therapeutic efficacy of massive bronchoscopic lavage with saline to the primary injured bronchoalveolus at early stage after smoke inhalation on mitigating the secondary damage of the other lung and so as to confirm the therapeutic validity of lung lavage to smoke inhalation injury. Methods　Fifteen mongrel dogs were insufflated with sawdust smoke into left lung and then randomized into 2 groups. The dogs in group A were maintained intravenous glucose saline transfusion and breathed air freely for 24 h after injury. Those in group B received a massive bronchoscopic lavage with 250 ml of saline to injured lung at 1 hour after injury and then were administrated similarly to those in group A. Gas exchange function of bilateral lungs in the process were observed and pathologic and phyiopathologic changes of the lung specimen were examined after the process. Results　While the total lavaging volume was kept to 250 ml, the liquid volume remained in left lung after each operating was from 90 ml to 140 ml. All animals had a significant decline in pulmonary function after smoke inhalation injury. PaO2 in group B decreased significantly soon after the lavage and then increased gradually to exceeding that in group A. The left lung showed serious edema similarly in two groups but in right lung the water content was less, dynamic and static compliance was more in group B than in group A. Conclusion　Bronchoalveolar massive lavage at early post-injury stage to injured lung after unilateral lung smoke inhalation injury can mitigate secondary damage of the non-injured lung. Lung lavage can decrease the intensity of secondary systemic inflammatory reaction and show a therapeutic validity to smoke inhalation injury.

Analyses on 959 cases of inhalation injury / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To review the experience in the management of burned patients inflicted by inhalation injury in our institute in the past 42 years. Methods　Patients with inhalation injury were analyzed chronically in three different periods as 1958 to 1980, 1981 to 1990, and 1991 to 2000. Results　The mortality rates in general and in terms of different degrees decreased obviously with the elapse of time. In other words, the rates were 48.93%, 26.60% and 8.53 for the above three periods. Conclusion　The mortality of inhalation injury was decreased dramatically during the last decade in our institute. Five main measures consisting of inhalation of high concentration or pure oxygen, preventive tracheotomy, frequent tracheal lavage with small amount of lavage fluid at early stage of postburn, mechanical ventilation with PEEP and humidification as early as possible, and application of exogenous pulmonary surfactant contribute greatly to the decrement of death rate in the patients with inhalation injury.

Study on the safety of massive lung lavage to dogs after acute serious smoke inhalation / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To explore the feasibility and safety of massive lung lavage to dogs in the early stage after acute serious smoke inhalation. Methods　A total of 16 dogs were inflicted with smoke inhaled injury and then divided into group A (n=5) without lung lavage, group B (n=6) in which left lung lavage was followed by lavage on the right 30 min later, and group C (n=5) in which the interval of the lavages on the left and right lung was 4 h. Massive lung lavage was carried out in 1 h after the injury under the guiding fiberoptic bronchoscopy and a special ventilation jet was served to supply enough oxygen to the dogs. The stability of pulmonary function and blood circulation were observed at different time points in every group. Results　The average operating time of unilateral lung lavage was about 15 minuted and the liquid volume left in every lung after operation was from 100 ml to 140 ml when the total lavaging volume was kept in 250 ml. The changes of hemodynamic parameters were identical in Group B and Group C. Inhalation injury had certain negative effect while lung lavage almost had no effect on the blood circulation of the animals in 2 lavage groups. No serious cardiac arrythemia was found in them during the lavaging. Pulmonary function in Group C was better than that in Group B but worse than that in Group A. In the 2 lavaging groups, PaO2 remained higher than 9.33 kPa（FiO2=0.4）during and after the lavaging. Conclusion The ventilation mode and the lavage method introduced here ensure the safety of massive lung lavage in dogs with acute smoke serious inhalation injury.