Treatment research and new progress of early-onset scoliosis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Early-onset scoliosis is a kind of disease that seriously affects the growth of children’s spine and development of cardiorespiratory function. The treatment of the disease has always been the focus of many clinical researchers.OBJECTIVE:To analyze the therapy for early-onset scoliosis and explore the spinal fusion, spinal non-fusion, conventional growth rod technology and magnetic control ed growth rod technology of early-onset scoliosis. METHODS:We retrieved PubMed, CENTRAL, EMbase, the ISI Web of Knowledge Databases, VIP, CNKI, CBM and Wanfang Database for related studies published from inception of the database to March 2016. The key words were“scoliosis, growing rod, complications”. The included 54 studies were analyzed and discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:For these children of early-onset scoliosis, we should not only maintain the correction of spine deformities, but also protect the ability of spine growth, keeping the normal cardiopulmonary function. In addition to conventional (non-surgical) treatment, there are surgical treatment (such as spinal fusion and growing rod technique) and magnetical y control ed growing rod, a new technology for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis. A comprehensive understanding of the effect of surgical treatment on the spine growth and cardiopulmonary function of children with early-onset scoliosis wil help to prevent the occurrence of related complications, so as to obtain a better therapeutic effect.

Topical injection and systemic application of glucocorticoids in the treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss by type / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the therapeutic effect of topical corticosteroids injection and systemic application in the treatment of typing idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Total of 438 patients with ISSNHL, including 76 with hearing loss in low-middle frequencies, 43 in middle-high frequencies, 162 in all frequencies and 157 in total deafness, were randomly divided into two groups, the systemic application group: dexamethasone (DEX) was applied by intravenous injection in dose of 10 mg×3 d followed by 5 mg×4 d, and the topical injection group: methylprednisolone sodium succinate of 40 mg was injected into cortical bone of mastoid region every three days. According to the results of pure-tone threshold audiometry, the curative effect among ISSNHL with low-middle frequencies, middle-high frequencies, all frequencies hearing loss, and total deafness were evaluated. SPSS 18.0 software was used to analyze the data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 220 patients with systemic application of DEX, 66 subjects (30.0%) cases were recovery, 51 (23.2%) were excellent better, 39 (17.7%) better, 64 (29.1%) were poor, and the total effective rate was 70.9% (156/220) . There was no statistical difference in total effective rate of four typing subgroups (χ(2) = 1.60, P > 0.05). And the recovery rate in total deafness subgroup was significant lower than that in low-middle and all frequencies subgroups (χ(2) = 10.63 and 15.94 respectively, both P < 0.05). In the topical injection group, the recovery rate was 30.3% (66 cases), excellent better 18.8% (41), better 15.6% (34), poor 35.3% (77), and the total effective rate was 64.7% (141/220) . There were statistical differences of total effective rate in low-middle frequencies in comparison with that in all frequencies (χ(2) = 8.38) and total deafness (χ(2) = 7.28) subgroups (both P < 0.05). Regarding recovery rate, there were significant differences between each two typing subgroups, except middle-high frequencies subgroup vs. all frequencies (χ(2) = 1.60) and total deafness (χ(2) = 2.29) subgroups (both P < 0.05). In 76 ISSNHL with hearing loss in low-middle frequencies, the recovery rate in cases with local corticosteroids injection(65.0%) was significantly increased in comparison with that with systemic application (41.7%), χ(2) = 4.15, P < 0.05. There were increasing tendencies of curative effect in other three typing groups by systemic corticosteroids application when compared with local injection, but no statistical significances (all P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For low-middle frequencies ISSNHL, the corticosteroids administration of local injection should be the optimization. Systemic application would be applied for middle-high frequencies, all frequencies and total deafness.</p>

The Influences of Dopamine on Glutamate Receptor NMDA NR_1 and NMDA NR_(2A) in the Cochlea of Guinea Pigs / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To study the correlation between dopamine and glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 and NMDA NR_(2A),and to share the understanding of the mechanism of dopamine in the synaptic complex of inner hair cells.Methods Forty guinea pigs were divided randomly into four groups and the whole intacochlear perfusions were performed.The perfused cochleas were taken out as preparations 2 hours after perfusing,the contralateral cochleas were also taken out as the normal control group in the group perfused with artifical perilymph solutions.All the preparations were divided into 5 groups:①normal control cochleas;②perfused with artificial perilymph solutions;③perfused with artifical perilymph solutions containing 10 mmol/L dopamine；④perfused with artificial perilymph so lutions containing 30 mmol/L dopamine；⑤perfused with artifical perilymph solutions containing 50 mmol/L dopa mine.The semi-quantitive RT-PCR was used to observe the difference in the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1、NMDA NR_(2A).Results Dopamine inhibited the compound action potential(CAP),the increase of CAP threshold was observed and correlated with the contentration of dopamine in the perfusion solution.Regarding the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 mRNA,there was no significant difference between group ① and group ② (P＞0.05).But a significant difference was observed the other 3 groups when compared to group ①(P＜0.05).No significant difference was detected among the 5 groups in the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_(2A) (P＞0.05).Conclusion Dopamine may inhibit the cochlear auditory afferent nerve.The significant correlation between dopamine and glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 was observed,the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 decreased along with the increasing of the contentration of dopamine in the perfusion solution.And there was no significant correlation between dopamine and glutamate receptor NMDA NR_(2A).

Impact of glucotoxicity on TC1-6 cell glucagon secretion / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of chronic high glucose on α-cells glucagon releasing in relation to insulin resistance induced by high glucose. Methods TC1-6 cells, an α-cell line, were incubated separately in DMEM containing high (25.0 mmol/L), medium (11.1 mmol/L) and low (5.5 mmol/L) concentrations of glucose for 1 to 5 days. The secretion and gene expression of glueagon were measured. When TC1-6 cells had been cultured for 5 days, three different concentrations of insulin were added for 6 h and then glucagon secretion was detected. Western blot was used for 1 and 3 days to confirm the effect of high glucose on phosphorylation of Akt in TC1-6 cells. Results (1) Exposure of TC1-6 cells to 11.1 and 25.0 mmol/L glucose resulted in a slight increase of glucagon secretion compared with those incubated with 5.5 mmol/L. However, after 5 days in media containing 25.0 mmol/L glucose, glucagan secretion was significantly increased as compared to cells treated with low glucose [(136.80±10.94 vs 78.62±4.72 ) ng/106 cells, P<0.05]; moreover, in TC1-6 cell cultured with high glucose glucagon mRNA expression was increased significantly. (2) 10-7 mol/L insulin reduced significantly glucagon secretion of TC1-6 ceils exposed to low glucose [(21.59±1.30 vs 55.12±3.86) ng/106 cells], but just scarcely inhibited glucagon secretion of cells incubated with high glucose [(106.58±8.53 vs 117.18±10.55) ng/106 cells]. When insulin concentration was increased to 10-5 mol/L, glucagon secretion of TC1-6 cells in high glucose was also reduced [(46.55±3.72 vs 118.61±10.68 )ng/106 cells]. (3) After treated with 10-5 mol/L insulin for 2h, the levels of Akt phosphorylation in both groups of TC1-6 cells were increased by 180% and 70%, while the level in high glucose group was significantly lower than that in low glucose group. In the presence of phosphoinositide 3 kinase inhibitor, the levels of Akt phosphorylation were both lowered, but the inhibition in low glucose group was more significant than in high glucose group. Conclusion High glucose induces hypersecretion of glucagon, which may be due to the a-cell insulin resistance.

Effect of JNK pathway, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress on pancreatic islet β cell function / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Though the mechanisms involved in the induction of pancreatic islet β cell dysfunction and apoptosis under diabetes conditions are still not clear, previous studies have shown that triggered or aggravated endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress play essential roles in impairment of β cell functions, especially the JNK pathway which can be activated by both of them.

Clinical pathological study of the anterior lens capsule abnormalities in familial congenital aniridia with cataract / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To observe the pathological changes of the lens and anterior lens capsule of the patients with familial congenital aniridia, and discuss the histopathological etiology of the fragility of the anterior capsule and the significance of surgical project. Methods: Anterior lens capsules and lens specimens were obtained from aniridic patients during cataract surgery. The intraoperative behavior of each capsule was noted, after which the specimens were submitted for histopathologic evaluation and electron microscope examination. Results: The anterior lens capsule was extremely fragile and remarkably thin. Degenerative changes(degeneration, necrosis, loss) of the lens epithelium and discontinuity of the lens epithelium were found in some specimens. Proliferation and double layer of the epithelial cells in some area of the specimens can be seen also. Ply structure of the anterior capsule became thin or disappeared. Conclusion: Degenerative or proliferative changes of the lens epithelial cells were associated with the thinness and extreme intraperative fragility of the anterior lens capsules in familial aniridia with cataract. Greater awareness of anterior capsule fragility in some aniridic patients with cataract may reduce the risk of capsule complications and lead to safer surgical outcomes.